Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2021 (Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 263)

International Programme Committee
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Examining the Deviation in Energy Saving Estimations Due to the Use of the Degree Days Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Impact of Climate Zone and Orientation Angle on the Recurring Massing School Typologies in Turkey
	1 Introduction
	2 Energy Impacts of School Typologies
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Selection of Climate Zones and the Reference Cities
		3.2 Building Envelope Details
		3.3 Data Analysis, Modelling and Simulation
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Impact on Energy Consumption
		4.2 Impact on CO2 Emissions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of the Influence of Aerodynamic Roughness on Urban Vertical Space Form: An Example of Shenzhen Central Area
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Database Construction
		3.2 Vertical Morphological Parameter Selection
		3.3 Methods of Analysis
	4 Analysis of the Impact of Urban Vertical Ventilation
		4.1 The Central Area of Shenzhen Overview
		4.2 Planar Spatial Analysis
		4.3 Physical Space Analysis
		4.4 Correlation Analysis of Vertical Parameters and Roughness
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Assessing the Impact of Lockdown Due to COVID-19 on the Electricity Consumption of a Housing Development in the UK
	1 Introduction
	2 UK Domestic Electricity Consumption
	3 Method
		3.1 Trent Basin Community Energy Scheme
		3.2 Monitoring Households
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Embodied Energy and Global Warming Potential of Radon Preventive Measures Applied in New Family Houses
	1 Introduction
	2 Context to Literature and Project
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Variants
		3.2 Indicators
		3.3 Impact Assessment
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Limitations of the Study
	6 Conclusion
	References
Automatic Architectural Drawing Labelling Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Data Preparation
		2.2 Image Segmentation
		2.3 Evaluation
		2.4 U-Value Measurement
	3 Experimental Results
		3.1 Materials and Datasets
		3.2 Pre-processing
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Response of the Italian Healthcare Facilities to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Analysis of National and Regional Legislation
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 National Response
		3.2 Regional Responses
		3.3 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Evaluation of Circular Construction Works During Design Phase: An Overview of Valuation Tools
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Design for Disassembly (DfD) Tool
		3.2 Re-use and Recycling—BBRI-VCB Tool
		3.3 Preservation of Material Supplies—Platform CB’23
		3.4 Case Study—CBCI Living Lab Ghent
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Landscape Integrated Photovoltaic System for a Solar Island in the Venetian Lagoon
	1 Introduction
	2 Aims and Methodology
	3 Historical Analysis of the Site
	4 Urban Energy Planning
	5 Building Energy Retrofit
		5.1 BIPV Design
	6 Risk–Benefit Assessment of the BIPV System
	7 Conclusions
	References
Leaving or Sheltering? a Simulation-Based Comparison of Flood Evacuation Strategies in Urban Built Environments
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Microscale Simulation Approach
		2.2 BEs and Evacuation Analysis for Strategies Comparisons
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Assessment of the Impact of Roof Albedo and Thermal Resistance on Urban Overheating: A Case Study in Southern Italy
	1 Introduction
	2 State of the Art
	3 Materials and Method
		3.1 Study Area
		3.2 Modeling Approach in ENVI-Met
		3.3 Urban Environment and Database Configuration
		3.4 Definition of the Scenarios
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Value of the Colour Temperature in a Low Light Intensity Design
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Research Background
		1.2 Objective
	2 Methodology
	3 Descriptive Study
		3.1 Experimental Procedure
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Methodology for Fast Simulation of Energy Retrofitting Scenarios of Social Building Stock
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Major Issues in Massively Retrofitting the Italian Social Housing Stock
	2 Methodology
	3 Implementation and Outcomes
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Flood Risk of Open Spaces: From Microscale Factors of Built Environment to Risk Reduction Strategies
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Microscale Factors of Open Spaces Affecting Flood Risk and Mitigation
		2.1 Open Spaces-Related Factors
		2.2 Building-Related Factors
		2.3 Users-Related Factors
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Low-Cost Architectural Strategies to Reduce Heat Stress in Social Housing for Hot Desert Climates
	1 Introduction
	2 Objective
	3 Case Study
		3.1 Site Description
		3.2 The Single-Family Social House
	4 Methodology
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Field Performance of HVAC System Under Healthy and Faulty Conditions During the Summer: Preliminary Development of a Simulation Model Based on Artificial Neural Networks
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of the Experimental Set-Up
	3 Experimental Tests
	4 Artificial Neural Network-Based Models
	5 TRNSYS Model
	6 Assessment of Faults’ Impact
	7 Conclusions
	References
Impact of Occupants’ Behavior Uncertainty on Building Energy Consumption Through the Karhunen-Loève Expansion Technique: A Case Study in Italy
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Numerical Modeling of the Case Study
		3.2 Model Calibration
		3.3 Uncertainty Analyses
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Towards a Multi-risk Assessment of Open Spaces and Its Users: A Rapid Survey Form to Collect and Manage Risk Factors
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Definition of the Survey Form of Multi-risk Assessment of Open Spaces
		2.2 Application to Eight AS Case Studies
	3 Results
	4 Insight and Future Works
	5 Conclusions
	References
Impact of Climate and Economic Scenarios on the Global Costs of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings Renovations. A Stochastic LCC on a Reference Multi-story Building
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 The Building Case Study
		2.2 The Renovation Solutions and the Evaluation of the Energy Performance
		2.3 The Stochastic LCC Assessment
	3 Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Retrofit Strategies Optimization Based on Indoor Comfort Analysis Under Real Conditions: The Case Study of the Secondary School ITC Carrara
	1 Introduction
	2 Tools and Methods
		2.1 The Case Study
		2.2 Occupancy Surveys on Subjective Comfort Analysis
		2.3 In-Situ Measurements of Environmental Parameters
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Comparison Between Subjective Comfort Analysis and Field of Measurements
	4 Conclusions
	References
Design Patterns for Low-Carbon Buildings: A Proposal
	1 Introduction
	2 Design Patterns
		2.1 Origin of Design Patterns
		2.2 Design Pattern Domains
	3 Building Design and Software Development Patterns
		3.1 Low-Carbon Design Patterns
		3.2 Building Performance Simulation Patterns
		3.3 Analytical Process Patterns
		3.4 Modelling Patterns
		3.5 Interface/Interaction Patterns
		3.6 Design Management Patterns
		3.7 Software Development Patterns and Building Information Management
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Transport Systems for Smarter Cities, a Practical Case Applied to Traffic Management in the City of Montreal
	1 Introduction
	2 Smart City Technological Ecosystems, Case Study: Montreal
	3 The Place of Intelligent Transport Systems
		3.1 Electronic Payments
		3.2 Emergency Management
		3.3 Traffic Management
		3.4 Advanced Vehicle Safety Systems
		3.5 Data Management
		3.6 Construction Aid
		3.7 Transport of Goods
		3.8 Regulations
	4 The Future of Intelligent Transport Systems
		4.1 Autonomous Vehicles
		4.2 The 5G Network and Its Implication in Smart City
	5 Conclusion
	References
Vortex Optimization of a Low-Head Gravity Hydroelectric Power Plant
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Experimental Setup
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Simple Trombe Wall Enhanced with a Phase Change Material: Building Performance Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodological Approach
		2.1 Simple Trombe PCM Wall
		2.2 Research Methods and Simulation Capabilities
	3 Simulation Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Merging Heat Stress Hazard and Crowding Features to Frame Risk Scenarios Within the Urban Built Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 The Case Study Built Environment
		3.2 Collecting and Processing Hazard Data
		3.3 Collecting and Processing Exposure Data
		3.4 Retrieving Extreme and Recurring Conditions
	4 Results
		4.1 Frequent Intense Heat Stress Hazard Encountered
		4.2 People Exposure Trends
		4.3 Significant Scenarios for Simulating Users’ Behavior
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Numerical Investigation of Repeating Thermal Bridges from Metal Fasteners in Offsite Manufactured Timber Frame Closed Panels for Exterior Walls
	1 Introduction
	2 Repetitive Thermal Bridging and Impacts upon U Values
	3 Methodology for Measuring Impacts of Metal Fixings
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Smart Grid for Sustainable Cities: Strategies and Pathways for Energy Efficiency Solutions
	1 Introduction
	2 Management of Electricity Production and Distribution
	3 Smart Grid Architecture
		3.1 Architecture Description
		3.2 Standardization in Smart Grids
	4 Cyber Security in Smart Grid Networks
	5 Conclusion
	References
Energy Management of a Residential Heating System Through Deep Reinforcement Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Case Study and Methodology
		3.1 Occupancy Schedules and Modeling of Window Opening Behavior
		3.2 Baseline Control Logic
		3.3 Design of Reinforcement Learning Control Agent
		3.4 Training and Deployment Phase
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Daylighting Design for Refurbishment of Built Heritage: A Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Some Undervalued Built Heritage: The Sicilian Lighthouses
	4 The Case Study: Capo Murro di Porco Lighthouse
		4.1 Construction Technology and Conservation
		4.2 Daylighting Model
	5 The Refurbishment Intervention
	6 Conclusions
	References
Urban Floods Management: The Integrated Approach of the City of Rome (Italy)
	1 Introduction
	2 State of Art
		2.1 The Territorial Dimension of Environmental Management
		2.2 The Wider Challenge of Urban Climate Adaptation
	3 Methodology and Case Study
		3.1 A New Hybrid Topography of Water Public Spaces
		3.2 The Case of Rome: Monitoring Phenomena, Tuning Strategies
	4 Results and Discussion: Rome’s Green Factors of a Different Urban Metabolism
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Proposed Method to Pre-qualify a Wireless Monitoring and Control System for Outdoor Lighting to Reduce Energy Use, Light Pollution, and Carbon Emissions
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and Literature Review
		2.1 Lighting Technologies
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Essential Functions
		3.2 Decision Making
		3.3 Rolling Out
	4 Process and Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Open-Source Integrated Mapping of Urban Form and Solar Radiation for Environmental Design
	1 Introduction
	2 Method and Tools
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Multi-functional Design Approach to Deal with New Urban Challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Tactical Urbanism
	3 Management of Excess Stormwater in a Regenerative Design Approach
	4 Thermal Comfort in an Environmental Design Approach
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Preliminary Analysis of the Characterizations of Positive Energy Districts
	1 Introduction
	2 Data Source and Research Methods
		2.1 Data Source
		2.2 Research Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Characteristics of Existing PED Projects
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
An Exploration of the Relationships Between Architectural Delight and Human Senses
	1 Introduction
	2 POE
	3 Sensory Responses
	4 Methodology
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
A Methodology for Assessing the Impact of Enhanced Energy Performance Standards on the Thermal Performance of Masonry Construction Dwellings, in the United Arab Emirates
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and Context to the UAE
		2.1 Sustainable Initiatives and Measurements
		2.2 Sustainable Assessment Tools
		2.3 Current Practice in the UAE Residential Sector
		2.4 Existing Studies on Sustainable Initiatives
		2.5 Energy Performance Gap in Residential Buildings
	3 Methodology
	4 Anticipated Project Outcomes
	5 Conclusions
	References
Fundamentals of Energy Modelling for Positive Energy Districts
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 The Elements: Loads and Technologies
		2.2 The Spatial Dimension
		2.3 The Temporal Resolution
		2.4 The Objective Function
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
A Systematic Approach Towards Mapping Stakeholders in Different Phases of PED Development—Extending the PED Toolbox
	1 Introduction
	2 Outlining a Systematic Approach Towards Identifying the Type of Stakeholders in Different Phases of PED Development
		2.1 From PED as a Concept to PED as a Process
		2.2 Phases of PED Development
		2.3 Actor-Oriented Stakeholder Mapping in PED Processes
		2.4 Extending the PED Toolbox
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Purposeful Sampling to Understand Applicability of Stakeholder Mapping Tool in PED Developments
		3.2 Overview of Cases
	4 Analytical Discussion
		4.1 Mapping “Owners”, Drivers and Users, Contextual Actors and Industry Actors
		4.2 Shifting Roles in Different Phases of PED Development
		4.3 Regarding Stakeholders as Partners for Co-creation on a Building Level, District Level and the City Level
		4.4 A Systematic Approach Towards Mapping Stakeholders in PED Developments—Extending the PED Toolbox
	5 Conclusion, Implications and Further Research
	References
Reviewing Challenges and Limitations of Energy Modelling Software in the Assessment of PEDs Using Case Studies
	1 Introduction
	2 Assessment of Selected Case Studies
		2.1 Case Study in Catania, Italy
		2.2 Case Study in North-Western Spain
		2.3 Case Study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands
		2.4 Case Study in Ærø Island, Denmark
		2.5 Case Study in Montreal, Canada
	3 Limitations and Challenges
	4 Conclusions
	References
State of the Art on Sustainability Assessment of Positive Energy Districts: Methodologies, Indicators and Future Perspectives
	1 Introduction
	2 Environmental Sustainability of Positive Energy Districts
	3 Economic Sustainability of Positive Energy Districts
	4 Social Sustainability of Positive Energy Districts
	5 Integrated Sustainability Analysis
	6 Conclusions
	References
Definitions of Positive Energy Districts: A Review of the Status Quo and Challenges
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of PED Definitions
		2.1 PED Definitions Used by EU Organisations and Programmes
		2.2 PED Definitions Used in Relevant Projects or National Programmes
		2.3 Comparison of Existing Definitions
	3 Challenges in PED Definitions
		3.1 Beyond Positive Energy and Towards Climate Neutrality
		3.2 Beyond Qualitative Description and Towards Quantitative Definition
		3.3 Definition of PED Boundaries
		3.4 Scope of PEDs Beyond Energy
		3.5 A Framework of Definitions for Diverse Local Contexts
	4 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Qualitative Assessment Methodology for Positive Energy District Planning Guidelines
	1 Background/Introduction
	2 Methodological Approach
		2.1 Dimensions of the Analysis
		2.2 Methodology and Analytical Steps
	3 Preliminary Result
		3.1 Data Collection and Pre-classification of the Guidelines
		3.2 Meta-Analysis, Automatic and Semi-Automatic Analysis
		3.3 Qualitative Text Analysis
		3.4 First Findings
	4 Outlook/Next Steps
	References
Sustainable Development Goals and Performance Measurement of Positive Energy District: A Methodological Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 PEDs–SDGs Assessment
	3 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
A Panelization Design Tool to Inform Decisions About Façade Geometry and Environmental Performances
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Existing Building Stock
		1.2 Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) and Panelization
	2 Digital Design for Retrofit
		2.1 State of the Art
		2.2 Information Flow in BIM Environment
	3 Multi-dimensional Panelization Tool
	4 Articulation of the Tool and Application to a Case Study
		4.1 Tool Steps
		4.2 Results Synthesis
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Output Comparison
	6 Conclusion
	References
Neighbourhood Digital Modelling of Energy Consumption for Carbon Footprint Assessment
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Reference Data
		3.2 Building Typologies
		3.3 Defining Building Typologies Models
		3.4 Building the 17 Simplified Models (revisor2 dice de mover a la primera parte de resultados porque dice que se refiere al workflow del caso de estudio)
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Multi-level Data Access Control in Positive Energy Districts
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Motivating Scenario and Research Problem
	4 Conceptual Framework
		4.1 RBAC Component
		4.2 Encryption Mechanisms
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Correction to: Evaluation of Circular Construction Works During Design Phase: An Overview of Valuation Tools
	Correction to:  Chapter “Evaluation of Circular Construction Works During Design Phase: An Overview of Valuation Tools” in: J. R. Littlewood et al. (eds.), Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2021, Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 263, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6269-08
Correction to: A Multi-functional Design Approach to Deal with New Urban Challenges
	Correction to:  Chapter “A Multi-functional Design Approach to Deal with New Urban Challenges” in: J. R. Littlewood et al. (eds.), Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2021, Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 263, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6269-0_33
Author Index