Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2020 (Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 203)

International Programme Committee
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1 Analysis of the Spatial Morphology Facing Wind Environment in Harbin Central Area
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Literature Review
	1.3 Methodology
		1.3.1 Research Data Base
		1.3.2 Parameter Selection
		1.3.3 Methods of Analysis
	1.4 Urban Spatial Morphology Analysis
		1.4.1 Regional Overview
		1.4.2 Building Height Analysis
		1.4.3 Planar Spatial Analysis
		1.4.4 Physical Space Analysis
		1.4.5 Roof Space Analysis
	1.5 Discussion
	1.6 Conclusions
	References
2 Thermal Comfort Assessment in an Administrative Area of an Industrial Building in Spain
	2.1 Objective of the Study
	2.2 State of the Art
	2.3 Methodology
	2.4 Case Study
		2.4.1 Description of the Case Study
		2.4.2 Surveys
		2.4.3 Internal Air Temperature and Relative Humidity Monitoring
		2.4.4 Thermal Comfort Assessment
	2.5 Discussion
	2.6 Conclusions
	References
3 The Performance Potential of Domestic Heat Pumps in a Temperate Oceanic Climate
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Heat Pump Performance
		3.2.1 Performance Curve
		3.2.2 Heat Source
		3.2.3 Distribution Temperature
		3.2.4 Control Strategy
		3.2.5 Climate
		3.2.6 In-use Performance
	3.3 Methodology
	3.4 Results
	3.5 Discussion
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
4 An Analysis of Design Support Tools for Circular Building Practice
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Methodology
	4.3 Design Support Tools for Circular Building
	4.4 Building Actors’ Needs for Features in Design Support Tools
	4.5 Comparing the Tools and Needs
	4.6 Conclusions
	References
5 Alternative Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems in Morocco: Energy Savings and GHG Emission Reduction
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Literature Review
	5.3 Methodology
		5.3.1 Waste Management Adopted Options
		5.3.2 Municipal Waste Management in Morocco
		5.3.3 Applying Energy and GHG Emissions Factors
		5.3.4 Definition of Multiple Scenarios of Transition of Municipal Waste Management in Morocco
	5.4 Descriptive Results
	5.5 Discussion
	5.6 Conclusions
	References
6 Quantifying Adaptability of College Campus Buildings
	6.1 Introduction and Background
		6.1.1 Adaptability and Design-Based Adaptability (DBA)
		6.1.2 DBA Strategies
		6.1.3 Becker et al. 2020
	6.2 Scoring System Description
		6.2.1 Parameters and Parameter Score
		6.2.2 Overall Adaptability Score
	6.3 Comparison of Scoring System and AHP Study
	6.4 Summary and Conclusions
	References
7 Energy Efficiency in School Buildings: The Need for a Tailor-Made Business Model
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Background and Related Work
		7.2.1 Energy and Buildings
		7.2.2 Role of (Higher) Education Institutions (HEI)
		7.2.3 The Association of Schools in Sint-Niklaas
		7.2.4 Business Models
	7.3 Methodology
		7.3.1 Output Driven
		7.3.2 Social Innovation
	7.4 Results
		7.4.1 PXL University of Applied Sciences
		7.4.2 School Association
	7.5 Discussion
		7.5.1 PXL University of Applied Sciences
		7.5.2 School Association
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
8 CFD-Based Analysis of Heat Exchanging Performance of Rotary Thermal Wheels
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Methodology
		8.2.1 Selection of the Matrix Profile
		8.2.2 Mathematical Expressions
		8.2.3 Mesh
		8.2.4 CFD Simulation
	8.3 Results
	8.4 Discussion
	8.5 Conclusion
	8.6 Future Work
	References
9 A Simulation Method for Studying Urban Heat Islands at the Urban Scale
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Method
		9.2.1 Case Study and Data
		9.2.2 Model Areas an Input Data
		9.2.3 Simulation
	9.3 Results
		9.3.1 Site 1: Ahmadabad
		9.3.2 Site 2: Majd
	9.4 Discussion
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
10 A Conceptual Framework for Interpretations of Modularity in Architectural Projects
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Method
	10.3 Exploration
	10.4 Examination
	10.5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
11 Building Energy Simulation of 19th C Listed Dwellings in the UK: A Strategy to Propose and Assess Suitable Retrofit Interventions
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Background Literature Review
	11.3 Methodology
	11.4 Results and Discussion
		11.4.1 Retrofit Measures for TLDs
		11.4.2 Future Work
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
12 Can Circularity Make Housing Affordable Again? Preliminary Lessons About a Construction Experiment in Flanders Taking a Systems Perspective
	12.1 Context
	12.2 About WoonC
	12.3 Lessons Learnt
		12.3.1 About Scale and Scalability
		12.3.2 About Values
		12.3.3 About Knowledge
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
13 Challenging Architectural Design Choices with Quantified Evaluations of the Generality and Adaptability of Plan Layouts
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 SAGA Method and SAGABIM
		13.2.1 Spatial Assessment of Generality and Adaptability (SAGA)
		13.2.2 SAGA Implemented in an Autodesk Revit Environment: SAGABIM
	13.3 Dethy Project: Initial and Future States
	13.4 Generated Indicators and Graphs with SAGABIM
	13.5 Information Exchange During the Assessment
	13.6 Conclusions
	References
14 Rapid Identification and Evaluation of Interventions for Improved Water Performance at South Africa Schools
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Water in South Africa
	14.3 Methodology
		14.3.1 Input Data Used in the School Water Use Model.
	14.4 Results
		14.4.1 Interventions
		14.4.2 A. Eliminating Irrigated Recreational Lawns
		14.4.3 B. Eliminating All Irrigated Lawns
		14.4.4 C. Replacing All WCs with Dual Flush WC
		14.4.5 D. Installing Dual Flush WC and a Rainwater Harvesting System
		14.4.6 E. Installing Composting Toilets and Waterless Urinals
	14.5 Discussion
	14.6 Conclusion
	References
15 Four Angles of Using Timber in Tall Buildings
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Structural Capacity
	15.3 Construction Practices
	15.4 Environmental Performance
		15.4.1 Operational Energy and Cost: Case Study of London
	15.5 Acoustic Performance
	15.6 Discussion
	15.7 Conclusion
	References
16 A Review of V2-X Solutions by Investigating Different Vehicle Energy Storage Solutions for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 V2G Solution
	16.3 V2H and V2B Technologies
		16.3.1 Bidirectional EV Chargers and Wireless Systems
	16.4 Proposed Electric Vehicle Technology for V2H, V2B, V2G
		16.4.1 Battery-Based EVs
		16.4.2 Plug-In Hybrid EVs
		16.4.3 Hydrogen-Based EVs
	16.5 Recommendation for Future V2H, V2B, and V2G Systems
	16.6 Conclusion
	References
17 Occupants’ Behavioral Analysis for the Optimization of Building Operation and Maintenance: A Case Study to Improve the Use of Elevators in a University Building
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Literature Review
	17.3 Methodology
		17.3.1 Modeling Elevators Use
		17.3.2 Eye-Tracking Analysis
	17.4 Results
	17.5 Discussion
	17.6 Conclusions
	References
18 Built Environment Resilience to Face Climate Change Effects In Paraguay’s Social Housing
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Climate Scenario of Paraguay
	18.3 Methodology
		18.3.1 Case Study Characterisation
		18.3.2 Energy Retrofit Solutions Proposed
	18.4 Results
	18.5 Conclusions
	References
19 Grid Export Reduction Based on Time-Scheduled Charging of Residential Battery Energy Storage Systems—A Case Study in Cyprus
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Methodology
		19.2.1 Pilot Description
		19.2.2 Operational Mode
		19.2.3 Time-Scheduled Charging & Peak Export Hours
		19.2.4 Data Collection and Post-Processing
	19.3 Results and Discussion
	19.4 Conclusions
	References
20 Cross-Fertilization Between Architecture and Agricultural: A Circular Supply Chain
	20.1 Introduction
		20.1.1 Building and Circular Economy
		20.1.2 International Scientific Research About Recycling of Agricultural Byproducts
		20.1.3 ECOFFI Project: Objectives and Synthesis of Activities
	20.2 The Agricultural Waste Recycling Scenarios
	20.3 An Ecological Mix-Design with Corn Cob and Rice Straw
		20.3.1 The Experimental Stage
		20.3.2 Monitoring and Eco-compatibility Assessment Phase
		20.3.3 Results and Discussion
	20.4 Conclusion
	References
21 Sensitivity Analysis for Resilient Safety Design: Application to a Bottleneck Scenario
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Methodology
		21.2.1 The Investigated Scenario
		21.2.2 Uncertainty Quantification and Sensitivity Analysis
		21.2.3 Stochasticity in the Simulation Model and Test Setup
	21.3 Results
	21.4 Conclusions
	References
22 Concept Design of a Solar Wind Turbine Blade
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Wind Turbines
		22.2.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
		22.2.2 Vertical Turbine
		22.2.3 Innovation in Wind Energy
	22.3 Solar Energy
		22.3.1 Photovoltaic Systems
		22.3.2 Concentrated Solar Power
		22.3.3 Innovation in Solar Energy
	22.4 Hybrid Solar and Wind Energy Systems
	22.5 Concept Design of the Solar Wind Blade
	22.6 Conclusion
	References
23 Collaborative Approach for Community Resilience to Natural Disaster: Perspectives on Flood Risk Management in Jakarta, Indonesia
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Methods
	23.3 Results
		23.3.1 Policy Frameworks Relevant to Flood Risk Management in Jakarta
		23.3.2 Community Perceptions of Flood Risk and Implications for Flood Risk Mitigation
		23.3.3 Conflicts in Communication and Collaboration in Flood Risk Management
	23.4 Discussions
	23.5 Conclusions
	References
24 Smart Materials for Adaptive Façade Systems. The Case Study of SELFIE Components
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 The Use of PCMs in the Design of Buildings
		24.2.1 Classification of PCMs
		24.2.2 PCMs Application Examples in Opaque and Transparent Envelope Systems
	24.3 The SELFIE Façade
		24.3.1 Experimental Setup and Monitoring Results
	24.4 Conclusion
	References
25 Understanding Human Behaviors in Earthquakes to Improve Safety in Built Environment: A State of the Art on Sustainable and Validated Investigation Tools
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Overview of Methods for Behavioral Analysis in Earthquakes
		25.2.1 Human Behaviors Analysis from Real Events Videotapes Collection
		25.2.2 Human Behaviors Analysis Through Novel and Immersive Technologies
	25.3 Discussion
	25.4 Conclusions
	References
26 Resilient and User-Centered Solutions for a Safer Built Environment Against Sudden and Slow Onset Disasters: The BE S2ECURe Project
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 BE S2ECURe Research Objectives and Methodological Concept
	26.3 Project Actions
	26.4 Application Potentialities and Impacts of the Project
	26.5 Conclusions
	References
27 Morphological Systems of Open Spaces in Built Environment Prone to Sudden-Onset Disasters
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Built Environment Affected by SUODs Between Risk and Resilience
	27.3 Classification of Open Spaces in Built Environment
		27.3.1 Morphological Approach to Analyze BE in Literature
		27.3.2 Morphological System: Areal Spaces and Linear Spaces
		27.3.3 Risk-Related Classification of the Open Spaces
	27.4 Conclusion
	References
28 SLow Onset Disaster Events Factors in Italian Built Environment Archetypes
	28.1 Introduction and State of the Art
	28.2 Urban Heat Island
		28.2.1 Air Pollution
	28.3 Methods and Tools
	28.4 Built Environment Archetypes Enhancing SLODs
		28.4.1 The Urban Canyon, the Piazza, and Piazzale
	28.5 Conclusions
	References
29 Biodiversity, Enabling Technologies and Resilient Tactics for Urban and Rural Scenarios in Transition in the Inner Areas of Calabria
	29.1 Introduction: Rewriting Paradigms for Transition Scenarios
	29.2 Literature Context: Biodiversity and Sustainability, Landscape and Environment, Inner Areas
	29.3 Methodology: Process
		29.3.1 Methodology: Application. Experimental (Hyper-) Sustainable Actions for the Area Grecanica (Reggio Calabria)
	29.4 Results: Resilient Scenarios (2020/2030/2050) for the Village of Gallicianò (Condofuri, RC)
	29.5 Discussion
	29.6 Conclusions
	References
30 A Proposed Method to Pre-qualify Sustainable Energy-Saving LED Luminaires for Outdoor Urban Lighting Applications
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 Background and the Need for Innovation in Outdoor Lighting
	30.3 Methodology
		30.3.1 LED Prequalification Process
	30.4 Proposed Outputs
	30.5 Conclusion
	References
31 A Novel Approach to Controlling Outdoor Light Pollution by Adopting Smart Science and Technology to Improve Residents Quality of Life in the Built Environment
	31.1 Introduction
	31.2 Background and the Need for Innovation
	31.3 Methodology
	31.4 Proposed Outputs
	31.5 Conclusion
	References
32 A Conceptual Methodology for Estimating Stored Sequestered Carbon in the Built Environment
	32.1 Introduction
	32.2 Approach and Methodology
		32.2.1 Stocks and Flows
		32.2.2 Availability of Data
	32.3 A National Model Using Archetypes and a Constrained Set of Building Methods
		32.3.1 Method
		32.3.2 Housing Mix
	32.4 Results
		32.4.1 Recent Historical Data, Financial Year 2008–9 to 2017–18
		32.4.2 Model to 2050
	32.5 Conclusions
	References
33 Fragility of Urban Systems Facing Flooding: Evaluation of Environmental and Social Risk in Antofagasta, Chile
	33.1 Introduction
		33.1.1 Chile and Climate Change
		33.1.2 Hazard, Exposure, and Vulnerability
	33.2 Methodology
		33.2.1 Future Scenarios Generation
		33.2.2 Multiple Criteria Analysis
		33.2.3 Cases of Study
	33.3 Results and Discussion
		33.3.1 Climatological Variables
		33.3.2 Geomorphological Variables
		33.3.3 Urban Variables
		33.3.4 Social Variables
	33.4 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
34 Sustainable Housing Units for Emergency: Innovative Materials and Construction Techniques
	34.1 Introduction
	34.2 Materials and Methods
		34.2.1 Designed Construction System
		34.2.2 Thermal Conductivity Tests
	34.3 Results and Discussion
	34.4 Conclusions
	References
35 Evaluation of Three Lighting Software in the Use of Different Light Intensity Spaces
	35.1 Introduction
		35.1.1 Objective
		35.1.2 Research Background
	35.2 Methodology
	35.3 Descriptive Study
		35.3.1 Low Light Intensity Space
		35.3.2 Medium Light Intensity Space
		35.3.3 High Light Intensity Space
	35.4 Results
	35.5 Discussion
	35.6 Conclusion
	References
36 Can Architectural Delight Improve Concept Design and Human Sensory Response in Schools
	36.1 Introduction
	36.2 Professional Contexts to Architectural Practice in the UK
		36.2.1 Historical Perspective
		36.2.2 Human Sensory Impact to Architecture
		36.2.3 Perception of Space
		36.2.4 Sustainability and Well-Being and School Design
	36.3 Methodology—Keeping Delight from Concept to Completion
	36.4 Project Outputs for Human Sensory Response in Schools
	36.5 Discussion
	36.6 Conclusions
	References
37 Thermal Bridge Analysis for Offsite Manufactured Closed Panel Timber Frame Walls
	37.1 Introduction
	37.2 Compliance to Achieve Nearly Zero Energy UK Dwellings
	37.3 Thermal Bridge Characterization
	37.4 Methodology to Investigate Repetitive and Non-repetitive Thermal Bridges in the OSM TF Exterior Wall Panels
	37.5 Discussion
	37.6 Conclusion
	References
38 An Urban Strategy for Adaptive Reuse: Learning from Industrial Heritage in Barcelona
	38.1 Introduction
		38.1.1 Theoretical Framework
		38.1.2 Barcelona and Its Industrial Past
		38.1.3 Objective
	38.2 Methodology
		38.2.1 Study Area
	38.3 Materials
	38.4 Methods
	38.5 Results and Discussion
		38.5.1 Categorization of Industries
		38.5.2 Cartographic Observations
		38.5.3 Transformation into Public Buildings, Services and Parks
	38.6 Conclusion
	References
39 Piloting a Management and Evaluation Protocol for Occupant Quality of Life in Welsh Dwelling Retrofits
	39.1 Introduction
	39.2 Context to the Need for Reducing Operational Energy Use for Heating and Occupant Fuel Poverty Associated with Quality of Life (QoL)
	39.3 Methodology and Findings for QoL in Post-retrofit Arbed Two Dwellings
		39.3.1 HSF36 Questionnaire– Occupant QoL
		39.3.2 Case Study Two—Arbed Two Stakeholder Engagement for QoL
	39.4 Methodology for Before and Post-retrofit Quality of Life (QoL) Data Collection—Occupants and Scheme Manager
	39.5 Discussion
	39.6 Conclusion
	References
40 Phytoremediation as Adaptive Design Strategy to Improve Indoor Air Quality. Experimental Results Relating to the Application of a Vertical Hydroponic Biofilter
	40.1 Introduction
	40.2 Materials and Methods
		40.2.1 Vegetation Biofilter
		40.2.2 Chamber Design and Operation
	40.3 Results and Discussion
		40.3.1 Testing Conditions and Results
		40.3.2 Isobutylene Reduction Effect
	40.4 Discussion
	40.5 Conclusion
	References
41 Heat Flux Balance in Mediterranean Climates: Thermal Insulation Location in Building Enclosures
	41.1 Introduction
	41.2 Methodology
	41.3 Area and Case Study Description
		41.3.1 Measurements
		41.3.2 Simulation Configuration
		41.3.3 Validation of the Model
	41.4 Results and Discussion
	41.5 Conclusions
	References
42 A Pilot Study Evaluating Offsite Manufacturing of Timber Frame Panels Using Lean Manufacturing Principles for Dwellings
	42.1 Introduction
	42.2 The Need for Increased OSM of TF MMC, to Reduce Operational Energy Use and the Performance Gap
	42.3 Methodology for Ethnographic Observation Activities of the OSM of the MMC Exterior Wall Production Line
	42.4 Results – LMP Evaluation and T&M Assessment of the Company’s OSM MMC Exterior Wall Production Line
	42.5 Discussion
	42.6 Conclusion
	References
43 UK Care Facilities: Is Climate Change Contributing to Overheating in Dwellings and a Cause of Concern in the Health of Vulnerable Adults
	43.1 Introduction
	43.2 Overheating in Buildings
	43.3 Other Causes of Overheating
	43.4 Materials and Methods
	43.5 Results
	43.6 Discussion
	43.7 Conclusions
	References
44 New Proposals for Sustainable Design: The Imitation Game as an Experience of Shared Co-design
	44.1 Do You Like Gaming?
	44.2 Methodology and Case Study
	44.3 Data Organization for the Play, Sustainability and Social Acceptability of the Design Proposals
	44.4 The Game and the Simulation
	44.5 Conclusions and Further Development of the Research
	References
45 The Role of Vegetation in Urban Comfort: Surface Temperature Assessment at Street Level
	45.1 Introduction
	45.2 Case Study
	45.3 Methodology
	45.4 Results
	45.5 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
46 Are We Ready to Evaluate the Smart Readiness of Australian Buildings?
	46.1 Introduction
	46.2 Background Knowledge: Evaluating Building Smartness
	46.3 Applying the SRI to a Case Study Building
		46.3.1 Case Study Building
		46.3.2 Calculating the SRI Score
	46.4 Analysis of the SRI Applied Within an Australian Context
		46.4.1 Triage Process for the Australian Context
		46.4.2 Workflow for Revising the SRI Methodology in an Australian Context
	46.5 Discussion
	46.6 Conclusions
	References
47 Earth Tubes—Clean-Tech Method for Improving Occupant Health and Comfort
	47.1 Introduction
	47.2 Literature Review
		47.2.1 Occupant Thermal Comfort
	47.3 Conventional Systems for Heating and Ventilation
	47.4 Earth Tube Systems
	47.5 Methodology for Analysing the Effectiveness of Earth Tubes
		47.5.1 Case Study
		47.5.2 Monitoring of Earth Tubes
	47.6 Results of Earth Tube Monitoring
	47.7 Thermal Performance
	47.8 Discussion
	47.9 Conclusion
	References
48 Study on the Top Interface Optimal Design of Landscape Architecture: Case Study of Cold Region Museum Regeneration Design
	48.1 Introduction
	48.2 Landscape Architecture Design and Optimization Logic
		48.2.1 Site Selection
		48.2.2 Building Top Interface Optimization
	48.3 Methodology
		48.3.1 Simulation Model
		48.3.2 Determination of Wind Environmental Assessment Criteria
	48.4 Simulation Results
	48.5 Discussion
	48.6 Conclusion
	References
Author Index