Sustainability, Diversity, and Equality: Key Challenges for Japan (Science Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Science, 13)

Introduction
	Beyond Numbers: Japan’s Demographic Challenges and Future
	The Myth of Homogeneity: Ignorance, Discrimination and Prejudice Towards Soto
	Gender Inequality: Challenging Gender Roles and the Gender Binary
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Beyond Numbers: Japan’s Demographic Challenges and Future
	Single and Unready to Mingle: The Insecure Lifeworlds of Never-Married Japanese
		Introduction
		Singles in Japan
		Why More People Are Unmarried: Structural and Cultural Barriers
		Stereotypes/Stigma Attached to Singles
		Konkatsu: Marriage-Hunting Activities
		Other Market Responses to Single-ization and Its Implications
		Implications to the Future of Japan
		References
	Infertility in Relation to Japanese Parental Norms
		Birth in Wedlock and Fertility Treatment
		Fertility Decline and Health Insurance Coverage of Fertility Treatment
		Orientation Toward Genetic Linkage
		Third-Party Reproduction
		COVID-19 and the Future of Fertility Treatment in Japan
		References
	Patriarchy, Paternalism, and Politics of Reproductive Autonomy: Abortion Rights in Japan
		Introduction
		Background
		Policies
		Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE)
		Health System
			Insurance and Public Subsidy
			Medical Professionals
		Conclusion
		References
			Government and Organizational Materials
			Newspaper Articles
	Aging, Health, and Gender
		Introduction
		Gender Differences in Health and Mortality: Evidence from Japan
			The Paradox of Men’s and Women’s Health
			Gender Gap in Health and Mortality in Japan
		Family, Gender, and Health in Japan
			Japanese Families and Recent Developments: Changing Women’s Roles
			Gender Stratification and Health in Japanese Families
		Summary and Discussion
		References
	A Chronology of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan
		COVID-19 Expansion and Its Countermeasures in Japan in 2020
		After Vaccination and Appearance of a New Variant — The Situation in 2021
		Transition to the Omicron Variant Strain Epidemic and Countermeasures
		References
	Hikikomori and Belonging in a Post-Pandemic Japan
		Introduction
		Taxonomies of Hikikomori
		From Crisis to a Reframing of Relationality: Dichotomies of Loneliness and Belonging
		Hikikomori and Its Malcontents: Pre-pandemic Imaginaries
		Recasting Social Isolation
		New Opportunities for and Forms of Membership, Participation and Belonging
		New Risks: Uncharted Relational Landscapes
		Conclusion: Has Anything Changed?
		References
	Migrant Long-Term Care Workers in Japan
		Introduction
		Development of Japan’s Immigration and Long-Term Care Policies
			Policy Development in Migrant Work
			Policy Development in Long-Term Care (LTC) and Migrant Care Workers
		Status of Residence and Four Migration Systems for LTC Workers in Japan
			Status of Residence in Japan
			Four Migration Systems for Long-Term Care Workers
			Five Skill Levels of the Four Migration Systems for LTC Workers
		Who are the Foreign Care Workers in Japan? - Profile of Migrant Care Workers Since the 2010s
		Has the Japan’s LTC Model in Cross-National Perspective Changed or Stayed the Same Since 2017?
		Future Prospects of Migrant Care Work in Japan—An Unchanged Migrant Care Employment Model After 2017?
		References
	Will Guestworkers Save Japan? Findings from a Nationwide Municipal Survey
		Methodology
		Survey Implementation and Results
		Municipalities in Crisis?
		Conclusion
		References
	Precarity and Hope Among Asylum Seekers in Japan
		Introduction
		The Japanese Asylum System
		Provisional Release (Karihōmen)
		Surviving Precarious Situations
			Employment and Income
			Housing
			Healthcare
		Conclusion
		References
	Japanese Society in the Eyes of Immigrant Families: Focus on the Survival Strategy of Filipino Single Mothers
		Introduction
		Filipinos in Japan and Migrant Agency
		Three Cases of Filipino Single Mothers in Osaka and Hyogo
		Ms. M, 30s
		Ms. R, 40s
		Ms. F, 50s
		Transitions of Challenges and Vulnerabilities of Single Mothers Along Their Life Course
		Conclusion
		References
	Depopulation
		Prologue
		Introduction
		New Understandings of Depopulation
		Living with Depopulation or Less Is More? Creative Depopulation
		References
	Rural In-migrants: Embracing Sustainable Lifestyles for a Post-Growth Society?
		Introduction
		Sustainable Lifestyles in the Post-Fukushima and Post-COVID era
		Lifestyle Migration in Rural Japan: Between Revitalization and Sustainability?
		Methods
		Results and Discussion
			Moving to the Countryside to Enable More Sustainable Lifestyles
			New Local and Translocal Networks for Sharing Knowledge and Resources
			Reimagining the Rural for a More Sustainable Future
		Conclusions
		References
	A Regional Revitalization Strategy for Areas with Declining Populations: Transforming Tourists Into Local Actors
		Introduction
		Literature on Tourism and Immigration
			Repeat Tourism
			Lifestyle Migration
		Tourist 2.0: Saving Regions from Population Decline
			Transformation from Tourist 1.0 to Tourist 2.0
			Effect of Altruism on the Willingness to Be Actively Involved in the Community
			Effect of Self-Expression on Altruism
			Effect of Sightseeing Experiences on Self-Expression (Local Exchange/Self-Expansion)
			Conditions that Promote the Transformation Process
		Roadmap for Sustainable Regional Development
		References
	Creating a Sustainable Society Beyond Times of Crisis
		Introduction
		Current Crises in Japan: An Aging and Shrinking Society
			Population Aging and Economic Shrinking in Japan
			Social Problems Due to Aging and Shrinking
		Beyond the Times of Crisis
			Social Well-Being for Human Lives
			Sustainable Development Goals for Human Society
			Government Strategies in Japan
			Importance of Social Business and Entrepreneurship
		Data Analysis: Individual’s Perception for Local Society and Future Perspective
			Data Collection
			Individual’s Perception for Local Society and Future Perspective
			Perceived Stress and Health
			Social Network and Isolation
			Social Entrepreneurship
			Analysis and Results: Determinants of Individuals’ Perception for Local Society and Future Perspective
		Conclusion: Toward a Sustainable Society
		References
	Displacement and Return: University Campuses as Ba and Ibasho for Sustainability Co-creation
		Ba, Ibasho, Place, and Belonging
		The University Campus as Emerging Ibasho for Youth
		Displacement and Change
		Japanese Universities as Ibasho for Sustainability Co-creation
		A Campus-Based Sustainability Co-creation Project Interrupted
		The Transformations of a University Ibasho
		Returning to Place – Adapting to Restrictions
			The Board Game FLOW
			Cross-Cultural Collaboration Via Animal Crossing: New Horizons
			Digital Storytelling About Traditional Rural Living
		The Future of Japan’s University Campuses as Ba and Ibasho for Sustainability Co-creation
		References
Part II: The Myth of Homogeneity: Ignorance, Discrimination, and Prejudice Towards Soto
	Education, Cultural Capital, and Social Class Reproduction
		Education, Cultural Capital, and Social Class Reproduction
		Is Japanese Education Egalitarian or Unequal?
			Japanese Education and Students’ Achievement
			Socioeconomic Differences in Education
		Why Are There Socioeconomic Differences?
			Economic Capital and Supplemental Education
			Cultural Capital and Social Class Reproduction
			Habitus and Parental Aspirations
			Beyond Deficit-Oriented Views
		Gender and Socioeconomic Status
		The Impact of COVID-19 on Educational Experiences
		Conclusion: Implications and Future Directions
		References
	Buraku Issues: Changes and Challenges
		From the Mid Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries
		Postwar Changes and Challenges
		The New Century: Improvements, Changes, and New Challenges
		Buraku Issues Going Forward
		References
	Toward “No Homeless” Public Spaces? Homeless Policy and a Crisis of Japanese Urban Society
		Homogeneity in Question
		Disruptions and Homeless Strategies
		Growth in Homeless Policy
		Social Movements for Homeless People
		Decreased Homelessness and Mass Poverty
		The COVID Context
		Coda: Japanese Society at a Critical Juncture
		References
	Kodomo shokudo (Children’s Cafeterias): Changing Families and Social Inequality in Japan
		Introduction
		Overview and Typology of Kodomo shokudo
		Child-Rearing Norms That Do Not Change Much
		Interviews with the Members of Kodomo Shokudo
		Conclusion
		References
	Reimagining Japan Through the Experiences of Mixed Japanese
		Introduction
		Historical Overview of Perception of Mixed Japanese
			Views on Mixed Japanese Pre-WWII Japan
			Views on Mixed Japanese in Post-WWII Japan
			Views on Mixed Japanese Since the 1990s
		Contemporary Issues for Mixed Japanese
		The Emergent Field of hāfu Studies
		Future Directions in Advocating Mixed Japanese’ Voices through Research
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Redefining Japaneseness: Blackness, Whiteness, and the Discordant Discourse of Diversity in Japan
		The Matter of Hāfu Lives
		BLM and the Matter of Black and Black Japanese Lives in Japan
		If the Shoe Fits: Intersectional Racism
		(Re)drawing the Color Line
		References
	Questioning Xenophobia in Japan: Racism, Decolonization, and Human Rights
		Introduction
			Racism and Hate-Speech in Japan: Background and the Topic of the Chapter
			Research and the Counter Activism Against Hate Speech
			Remaining Questions
		What Is Hate Speech in Japan?
			Racist Groups and Their Activism
			Intersectional Violence
			Hate-Speech Countermeasure Act and Thereafter
		The Three Concepts
			Hate Speech
			Xenophobia
			Privilege
		Conclusion
		References
	Life Stories, Historical Background, and Current Situations of the Ainu: The Story of Noto
		Ainu
		Early History of Ainu Mosir
		Shift from Ainu Mosir to Hokkaido
		Colonization in Hokkaido
		Transformation in Ainu Communities with the Support of the Global Indigenous Movement
		Current Situation of the Ainu
		A Story of Noto — Maya Sekine
		Interaction with Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians)
		Vision of Noto
		Conclusion
		References
Part III: Gender Inequality: Challenging Gender Roles and the Gender Binary
	Japan’s Gender Inequality in Economics and Politics Since 1945 and the Policies Behind It
		Introduction
		The Immediate Postwar Years
		Women Exercise Their New Political Rights: 1946–1950
		Rapid Economic Growth and the Domestication of Women: 1950s, 1960s and 1970s
			The Cherished Ideal of the Gendered Division of Labour
			Company Society as Social Welfare
			Stagnation for Women in Politics
		The Mountain Has Moved’:the 1980s
			Labour Pains: The EEOL
			Doi Takako and the Increased Importance of Politics for Women
		The First ‘Lost Decade’: The 1990s
			‘Women’s Rights are Human Rights’: Feminism Makes Its Mark
		Deregulation of the Workforce and Political ‘Assassins’: 2000s
			Nonregular Work
			Lack of Support for Elected Women
		Conclusion: The Pandemic and Beyond
		References
	Japan’s Glass Ceiling: Contradictions in Gender Discourse and Institutional Support for Ie (Family)
		Introduction: Family, Gender and Public Discourse
		Ie Property, Inheritance and Succession
		Family Registry System (koseki)
		Motherhood and Early Childhood
		Husbands and Housework
		Women and Employment
		Household Income Tax
		Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Surnames and Gender in Japan
		Brief History of Japan’s Surname Law for the Married
		The Surname Law, Gender, and Family in Contemporary Japan
		Public Opinions on Surnames for the Married in the Twenty-First Century
			Japanese General Social Survey
			Public Opinion Survey of 2021–2022
		Discussion
		References
	Family, Graves, and Gender in Japan
		Introduction
		Two Systems Continue to Influence Japanese Families: Danka-seido and ie-seido
		Afterlife Planning (Shūkatsu)
		Marginalized Populations
		Understanding Trends in Desire about Grave Based on JGSS 2015 Data
		Discussion and Conclusion: The Grave and the Family in Japan for the Future
		References
	Male Caregivers in Japan: Between Care and Masculinity
		Introduction
		Changing Image of Family Caregivers and Gender
		Difficulties Faced by Male Caregivers
			Work-Focused Life Course
		Difficulty over Life Independence
		The Difficulty of Juggling Work and Care
		Relational Poverty
		Abuse and Killing by Caregivers
		A Synthesis of Care and Masculinities: Caregiving as a Job
			The Pitfalls of Caregiving as a Job – Weaknesses in the Skill of Asking for Help
		Double Alienation
		The Future of Family Caregiving
			Isolation of Family Caregivers During the Coronavirus Pandemic
		Building a Network of Male Caregivers
		Conclusion – Campaigns for Male Caregivers and Gender Equality
		References
	LGBTQ Activism in Contemporary Japan: Prospects and Perspectives
		Introduction
		History of LGBTQ Activism in Postwar Japan
			1960s–1970s: Beginnings of Gay and Lesbian Activism
			1980s–1990s: AIDS Crisis and Early Legal Cases
			1990s–2000s: The ‘Gay Boom’ and Backlash
			2010s: LGBT Boom and Rise of Transnational Activism
		Current Issues for LGBTQ Activists in Japan
			Same-Sex Marriage
			Anti-LGBT Discrimination Legislation
			Transgender Legal Reforms
			Local Outreach and Community Support
		Conclusion
		References
	Nationalism and Queer Politics in Postwar Japan
		Introduction
		Homosexual Politics and Nationalism Before the AIDS Crisis
		The AIDS Crisis and New Sexual Identities
		Backlash Against Feminist and LGBTQ Activisms and Academic Research
		‘Disguised’ Diversity Under Nationalism: Globalisation of LGBTQ Rights and the 2020 Tokyo Olympics
		Conclusion
		References