Surgical Decision-Making - Evidence and Beyond, 2e (Jan 3, 2025)_()_(Springer)

Foreword
Preface
Prologue to First Edition
Prologue to Second Edition
	Further Reading
Contents
Editor and Contributors
About the Editor
Contributors
Part I: Changing World and the Legacy of Surgical Decision-Making
1: Surgical Decision-Making and the Changing World
	Introduction
	References
2: Professor Rao Ivatury: A Legacy of Surgical Decision-Making in Trauma Surgery, Excellence, Compassion, and Humility
	Conclusion
3: Surgical Decision-Making: More Questions than Answers?
	Introduction
	The Complexity of Surgical Decision-Making
		Challenges in Standardization
		Individualization in Surgical Procedures
		Intraoperative Decision-Making
		Leadership, Creativity, and Surgical Decision-Making
		Influence of Technology on Decision-Making
	Consequences of Surgical Decision-Making
	The Factors Affecting Intraoperative Decisions
	Distracting Factors on Perioperative Surgical Decision-Making and Disruption of Surgical Symphony
	The Surgeons’ Physiology and State of Mind
	Overlooked Behaviors Impacting Surgical Decision-making Outcomes
	The Never Event
	The Effect of Alcohol on Surgical Decision-Making
	Conclusion
	References
Part II: The Complexity of Surgical Decision: Setting the Stage
4: The Anatomy of the Surgeon’s Decision-Making
	Introduction
	Physical Factors, Personality Factors, and Situational Factors
	Personality Characteristics
	Decision-Making and Situational Awareness
	Conclusion
	References
5: The Role of the Surgeon’s Physiology and the State of Mind in the Surgical Decision-Making Process: An Update
	Introduction
		Primum Non Nocere
	The Never Event
	Stress: The Positives and the Negatives
	Inhibitors of Performance in Stressful Situations
		Sleep
		Alcohol Consumption and Surgeons
	Conclusion
	References
6: Surgeons and Pilots: What Do We Have in Common?
	Introduction
	Pilots and Surgeons: The Dangerous Jobs
	Situational Awareness and Common Sense-Making
	Situation Awareness, Perception, Comprehension, Projection
	Conclusion
	References
7: Planning and Preparing for the Operation: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Modern Surgery
	Introduction
	Definitions
	Augmented Reality During Surgery
	Overall Surgical Complications
	Surgical Risk Models
		The American College of Surgeons Surgical Risk Calculator (ACS-SRC)
		The Predictive OpTimal Trees in Emergency Surgery Risk Calculator (POTTER)
		The MySurgeryRisk Platform
	Specific Complications Measured by AI
		Sepsis
		Pancreatic Fistula
		Hepatic Surgery
		Transplant
	Frailty
	Disposition
	Anesthesia
	Pain Management
	Cancer Treatment
		Gastric Cancer
		Detecting Preinvasive Occult Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
		Colorectal Cancer
	Conclusions
	References
8: Decision-Making in Critical Care Rescue for Re-operative Surgery
	Principles of Critical Care Rescue in the Re-operative Patient
	Phases of Resuscitation
	Technological Adjuncts
		Perioperative Monitoring
		Point of Care Ultrasound
	Functional Coagulation Assay Driven Resuscitation
	Acute Kidney Injury
	Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
	Bedside Laparotomy
	Management of the Open Abdomen
	Nutritional Considerations
	Patient Centered Care Goals
	Summary
	References
Part III: Surgical Decision Making in Difficult Scenarios of Acute Care Surgery
9: Surgical Decision-Making in Postinjury Multiple Organ Failure
	Postinjury Multiple Organ Failure (MOF)
	Decision-Making to Identify Patients at Risk of MOF
	Decision-Making Around Interventions
		Interventional Radiology
		Surgery
	Decision-Making Around Surgical Critical Care
		Pulmonary
		Cardiac
		Renal
		Hepatic
	Decision-Making in Survivors of MOF
	References
10: The Unplanned Return to the Operating Room in Acute Setting
	Introduction
	Postoperative Complications Requiring Reoperation
	Reasons for Reoperative Surgery in the Early Postoperative Period
	Planned Return to the Operation Room
	Infection Complications: Source Control
	Missed Enterotomies
	Postoperative Hemorrhage: Need to Stop the Bleeding
	Early Bowel Obstruction: When Waiting Is No Longer an Option
	Summary
	References
11: Surgical Decision-Making in Complex Clinical Scenarios in Abdominal Surgery: A Case-Based Discussion and Approach to the Eight Most Common Problems with Nine Patients
	Introduction
	Postoperative Enterocutaneous Fistulas
	Identification and Diagnosis of Fistulas
	Provision and Optimization of Nutrition in Patient with Fistula
	Management for Fistulas
	Summary
	Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections
	Postoperative Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections (NSTIs)
	The Management
	Summary
	Postoperative Enterotomy Repair and Anastomotic Leaks
	Intestinal Ischemia
	When to Resect Intestines and When to Watch?
	Summary
	The Difficult Cholecystectomy: Approaches and Bailout Strategies
	Open Cholecystectomy
	Summary
	The Burst Abdomen
	Consequences of Burst Abdomen
	Can Burst Abdomen Be Prevented?
	The Management
	Summary
	The Difficult Hernia Repair
	Identification and Diagnosis
	Management of the Disease
	Management of Intraoperative Surprises in Acute Care Surgery
	References
12: Surgical Decision-Making in Damage Control Surgery: A System-Based Approach
	Introduction
	Hemostatic Resuscitation: Damage Control Resuscitation (DCR)
	Indications and Timing of Damage Control
	System-Based Damage Control Surgery
		Damage Control in Neurosurgery
			Craniectomy for Trauma
		Damage Control in Thoracic Trauma
		Damage Control Laparotomy
		Damage Control in Vascular Surgery: Abdomen and Beyond
		Damage Control in Orthopedic Trauma
	Definitive (Injury Repair) Operation
		Management of Open Abdominal Wound and Definitive Abdominal Closure
	Damage Control for Abdominal Catastrophes and Sepsis
	Summary
	References
13: Surgical Decision-Making Process and Definitive Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: An Update
	Introduction
	Timing to Definitive Repair
	Surgical Approach and Technique
	Definitive Abdominal Wall Reconstruction
	The Component Separation Techniques
	Onlay Placement
	Underlay Placement
	Bridge Mesh Placement
	Summary
	References
14: Surgical Decision-Making in Difficult Situations in Pediatric Surgery
	Introduction
	The Medically Complex Pediatric Surgical Patient
	Pediatric Surgical Emergencies in the Resource-Limited Setting
		Testicular Torsion
		Midgut Volvulus
		Trauma
		Ileocolic Intussusception
	Factors Contributing to Surgical Decision-Making in Difficult Situations
	Strategies for Surgical Decision-Making in Difficult Situations
	Use Cases
		Use Case 1: Neonatal Abdominal Catastrophes
			Anorectal Malformations
			Esophageal Atresia with or Without Tracheo-esophageal Fistula
			Myelomeningocele
			Intestinal Atresia
			Gastroschisis and Ruptured Omphalocele
			Complicated Appendicitis (Abscess or Phlegmon Formation)
			Complicated Inguinal Hernias
			Inhaled Foreign Bodies
			Ambiguous Genitalia
		Use Case 2: Rare Renal Tumors
		Use Case 3: Pediatric Traumatic Amputations
		Use Case 4: Difficult Situations in Pediatric Urology Arise When Dealing with Complex Conditions That Require Surgical Intervention
			Complex Congenital Anomalies
	Suggested Readings
15: Surgical Decision-Making: Melanoma
	Introduction
	Preoperative Decision-Making
		The Role of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
		Options for the Bad Operative Candidate
	Intraoperative Challenges
		The Non-mapping Sentinel Lymph Node
		Challenges in Melanoma Excision: The Closure
	Challenging Referrals
		Sentinel Node Biopsy After Previous Excision
		Resection of Metastatic Disease
	References
16: Surgical Decision-Making in Post-Bariatric Complications
	Laparoscopic Banding
		Band Slippage
		Pouch Enlargement
		Band Erosion/Perforation
		Port Complications
	Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
		Bleeding
		Leak
		Stenosis
		Acid Reflux
	Gastric Bypass
		Intro
		Early Complications
			Bleeding
			Leak
			Inaccurate Construction
		Late Complications
			Small Bowel Obstruction
			Stenosis
			Fistula
	References
17: Surgical Decision-Making in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery
	Introduction
	Multidisciplinary Team Meeting
		Role of Radiology
		Role of Pathology
		Role of Oncology
		Role of Gastroenterology
	Stages of Surgical Decision in Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
		Preoperative
		Intraoperative
		Postoperative
	Practical Examples of Multidisciplinary Decision-Making in HBP Surgery
		Case 1
		Case 2
		Case 3
		Case 4
	References
18: Decision-Making in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery: Acute Care Surgeon’s Perspective
	Introduction
	Acute Pancreatitis
		Diagnosis
		Initial Management of Acute Pancreatitis
		Surgical Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis
		Gallstone pancreatitis
		Management of Peripancreatic Fluid Collections
		Necrotizing Pancreatitis and Treatment Modalities
		Hemorrhagic Complications
	Difficult Gallbladder
		Preoperative Considerations- The 3P’s: Patient, Physician, and Pathophysiology
		The Pregnant Patient
		Cholecystectomy in Cirrhotic Patients
		Choledocholithiasis
		Timing of Cholecystectomy
		Intraoperative Conduct
		Common Bile Duct Injury
	Pancreatic Trauma
		Surgical Options
		Post-Surgical Care
	Liver Trauma
		Hepatic Injury Grading
		Management Options
	Conclusion
	References
19: Ethical Issues in Surgical Decision-making
	Introduction
	The Decision-Making Process
	Surgical Ethics Tools to Aid in the Decision-Making Process
	Conclusions
	References
20: Surgical Decision-Making in Emergency Management of Colon and Rectal Malignancies
	Background
	Ostomy Surgery
	Colon Cancer
	Rectal Cancer
	Colonic Stenting
	References
21: Surgical Decision-Making in Vascular Surgery: Practical Approaches to New Innovative Techniques and Revisiting Old Ones
	Introduction
	Modern Management of Acute Aortic Dissection
		Imaging: CTA, MRI, TEE
		Morphologic Aortic Assessment
			Preoperative Planning and Aortic Dissection
		Technique
	Carotid Endarterectomy—Can We Make a Good Operation Better? Technical Considerations
		Introduction
		The Operation
		Eversion Endarterectomy
		Complications
		Conclusion
	Advanced Peripheral Arterial Techniques for Limb Salvage: Role of Intravascular Lithotripsy
		Introduction
		Procedural Steps
		Clinical Evidence of Intravascular Lithotripsy in Peripheral Artery Disease
		Conclusion
	The May–Thurner Syndrome
		Anatomy
			Clinical Presentation
			Imaging Studies
			Treatment of MTS
			Conservative Treatment
			Conclusions
	Evaluation of a Patient for Hemodialysis Access
		Pre-Access Evaluation by the Surgeon
		Management After Access Is Created
	Summary and the Future of Surgical Decision-Making in Vascular Surgery
	References
		Sect. 1: Introduction
		Sect. 2: Modern Management of Acute Aortic Dissection
		Sect. 3. Carotid Endarterectomy—Can We Make a Good Operation Better? Technical Considereations
		Sect. 4: Use of Advanced Peripheral Arterial Techniques for Limb Salvage: Role of Intravascular Lithotripsy
		Sect. 5. The May–Thurner Syndrome
		Sect. 6: Evaluation of a Patient for Hemodialysis Access
		Sect. 7: Summary and Future of Vascular Surgery
22: Surgical Decision-Making in the Management of Polytrauma Patients
	Introduction
	Initial Assessment and Stabilization
		Primary Survey
			Airway
			Breathing
			Circulation
			Disability
			Exposure/Environment
		Management priorities
		Management of injuries based on system
			Damage Control Resuscitation (DCR)
			Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
			Abdominal Injuries
				Damage Control Laparotomy
				Non-operative management
				Thoracic Injuries
			Orthopedic Management
		Infection Prevention and Antibiotics
			Prophylactic Antibiotics
		Multidisciplinary Care
			Team Collaboration
	Sugested Readings
23: Decision-Making in Complex Dento-Alveolar Trauma in the Maxillofacial Region
	Introduction
		General Remarks
	Classification of Dento-Alveolar Injuries
	Emergency Management
		Evaluation
		Management
			Antimicrobial Therapy
			Minimally Invasive Initial Treatment (Table 23.2)
				Dental Hard Tissues
				Endodontium
				Periodontium
				Alveolar Bone
				Gingiva and Facial Soft Tissue
			Splinting and Immobilization (Table 23.3)
			Substance-Saving Restorations
			Interdisciplinary coNcept
		Post-initial Treatment
	Conclusions
	References
Part IV: Special Issues in Surgical Decision Making
24: The Surgeon’s Response to a Patient Death
	Why Is this Different for Surgeons?
	Expected vs. Unexpected Deaths
	Second Victim Syndrome
		Guilt
		Acceptance
		Burnout
		Performance Issues and Resilience
	Patient and Hospital Factors
	How Can Surgeons Find Effective Coping Mechanisms?
	Conclusions
	References
25: The Surgeon’s Burnout: How to Deal with It
	What Is Burnout?
	At Risk Population
	Burnout vs. Stress
	Measuring Tools
	Burnout in Surgeons
	COVID-19 Pandemic and Burnout
	Causes
	Surgeons and Sleep Deprivation
	Signs and Symptoms
	Symptoms of Surgeon’s Burnout
	Consequences of Burnout
	Burnout Prevention
	Burnout Prevention in Surgeons
	Recovering
	Conclusion
	References
26: When Should We Quit Operating?
	References
27: Stanley J Dudrick: A Life of a Giant in Surgery and Surgical Decision to Transition to a New Role or No Role At All
	Introduction
	The Phone Call that Changed My Life
	Now, When Should We Really Quit or Transition to a New Role or No Role At All?
	The Role of Leaders in Surgery in Navigating the Retirement Process for Senior Surgeons
	Conclusion
	References
		Further Readings
Part V: The Final Word
28: Epilogue: Quo Vadis Surgical Decision-Making
	Introduction
	References
Index