Surgery of Exotic Animals

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
About the Editors
Chapter 1 General Principles, Instruments, and Equipment
	Introduction
	Presurgical Considerations
		Patient Support
	Instrumentation and Equipment
		Hemostatic Aids
		Electronic Hemostatic Devices
		Magnification
		Focal Light
		Retractors
	Instrumentation
		Suction and Irrigation
	References
Chapter 2 Suture Materials
	Introduction
	Suture Materials
	Absorbable Suture Materials
	Biologic Absorbable Suture Material
		Chromic Gut
	Synthetic Absorbable Suture Materials
		Polydioxanone
		Poliglecaprone 25
		Polyglactin 910
		Polyglyconate
		Glycomer™ 631
		Polyglycolic Acid
		Polyglytone 6211
		Lactomer™
	Nonabsorbable Suture Materials
	Biologic Nonabsorbable Suture Materials
		Silk
		Nylon
		Polypropylene
		Stainless Steel
	Barbed and Antibacterial-Coated Suture
	Tissue Healing
	Sutures in Exotic Animals
		Rodents
		Rabbits
		Ferrets
		Birds
		Reptiles and Amphibians
		Fish
		Invertebrates
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 3 Magnification Surgery
	Introduction
	Optics and Principles of Magnification
	The Operating Microscope
		Preoperative Preparation of the Microscope and Operating Room
		Surgical Loupes
		Choosing Surgical Loupes
		Comparing the Operating Microscope and Surgical Loupes
		Illumination
	Instrumentation
		Microsurgical Instrumentation
		Care and Handling of Instruments
		Microsuture
		Principles of Microsurgical Techniques
	References
Chapter 4 Invertebrate Surgery
	Introduction
	Porifera (Sponges)
	Coelenterates
	Gastropod Mollusks
	Cephalopod Mollusks
	Annelids
	Crustaceans
	Arachnids
	Limulus
	Insects
	Echinoderms
	Urochordates
	References
Chapter 5 Fish Surgery
	Perioperative and Postoperative Surgical Management
		Water
		Analgesia, Anesthesia, and Fluids
		Antibiotics
		Surgical Table
		Surgical Modalities
	Wounds
	Skin Surgery
	Orthopedic Surgery
	Ophthalmic Surgery
		Cataract Surgery
		Enucleation
	Coelomic Surgery
	Swim Bladder Surgery
	Reproductive Surgery
	Urinary Surgery
	Digestive Tract Surgery
	Minimally Invasive Surgery
	Telemetry and Microchip Implantation
	References
Chapter 6 Amphibian Surgery
	Introduction
	Perioperative and Postoperative Considerations
	Wound Healing
	Skin Surgery
	Orthopedic Surgery
	Ophthalmic Surgery
	Coelomic Surgery
	Urogenital Surgery
	Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery
	Minimally Invasive Surgery
	Telemetry and Microchip Implantation
	References
Chapter 7 Reptile Orthopedic Surgery
	Introduction
	Anatomy and Physiology
	Diagnostics
	Trauma
		Bone Composition, Bone Healing, and Fracture Repair
		Bone Healing
		Principles of Fracture Stabilization
		External Coaptation
		Internal Fixation
		External Skeletal Fixation
		Shell Fractures
	Joint Disease
		Proliferative Spinal Osteopathy
	References
Chapter 8 Surgical Approaches to the Reptile Coelom
	Chelonian Coelom
		Prefemoral Approach
		Scope-assisted Celiotomy in Large Chelonians
		Plastron Osteotomy
		Partial Plastron Ostectomy
		Lateral Plastron Osteotomy Combined with Prefemoral Approach
	Snake Coelom
		Lateral Approach
	Lizard and Crocodilian Coelom
		Ventral Paramedian Approach
		Paracostal Approach
		Postfemoral Approach for Renal Biopsy in Iguanids
	References
Chapter 9 Reptiles: Soft Tissue Surgery
	Anatomy
	Surgery of the Female Reproductive Tract
		Ovariectomy
		Salpingotomy
		Ovariosalpingectomy
	Orchidectomy
	Reproductive Organ Prolapse
	Non Reproductive Cloacal Organ Prolapses
	Cystotomy
	Gastrointestinal Procedures
		Gastrotomy
		Enterotomy
		Intestinal Resection and Anastomosis
	References
Chapter 10 Avian Orthopedics
	Biology of Bone Healing
	Patient Evaluation
	Fracture Management Options
		Cage Confinement
		Coaptation
		Bandages and Splints
		Surgical Stabilization
		Internal Fixation
		External Skeletal Fixation (ESF)
		Bone Grafting
		Fracture Conclusions
	Luxation Management Options
		Luxation of the Shoulder
		Luxation of the Elbow
		Luxation of the Carpus
		Luxation of the Hip
		Luxation of the Stifle
		Luxation of the Tarsus
		Luxation of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint
		Arthrodesis
		Luxation Conclusion
	Angular Limb Deformities (ALD)
		Perosis (Achilles Tendon Luxation)
	Postoperative Care
	Monitoring for Healing and Complications
	Beak Repair
		Scissor Beak
		Mandibular Prognathism
		Beak Fractures
	References
Chapter 11 Approaches to the Caudal Coelom (Abdomen) of Birds
	Anatomy
	Patient Preparation
	Skin Incision
	Left Lateral Celiotomy
	Right Lateral Celiotomy
		Ventral Celiotomy
	Transverse Celiotomy
	References
Chapter 12 Avian Reproductive Procedures
	The Male Reproductive Tract
		Orchidectomy
		Vasectomy
	The Female Reproductive Tract
		Surgery of the Ovary
		Surgery of the Oviduct and Uterus (Shell Gland)
		Salpingohysterectomy
		Salpingohysterotomy
	References
Chapter 13 Surgery of the Avian Gastrointestinal Tract
	Anatomy and Physiology
	Surgery of the Mouth
	Surgery of the Esophagus
	Surgery of the Stomach
	Proventriculotomy and Ventriculotomy
	Proventriculotomy or Ventriculotomy Through the Isthmus
	Gastrotomy in Carnivores and Piscivores
	Gastrotomy in Ratites
	Ventriculotomy
	Surgery of the Intestines
	Surgery of the Cloaca
		Cloacotomy
		Cloacopexy
		Ventplasty
		Duodenostomy Feeding Tube
		Liver Biopsy
	Pancreatic Biopsy
	Postoperative Management
	References
Chapter 14 Surgery of the Avian Respiratory System and Cranial Coelom
	Surgery of the Upper Respiratory Tract
		Choanal Atresia Correction
		Sinusotomy
	Surgery of the Lower Respiratory Tract
		Air Sac Cannula Placement
		Tracheotomy
		Tracheal Resection and Anastomosis
		Devocalization
		Lung Biopsy and Partial Pneumonectomy
		Hyperinflation of the Cervicocephalic Air Sac
	Surgery of the Cranial Coelom
		Cranial Celiotomy
		Bifid Sternum Surgical Management
	References
Chapter 15 Minimally Invasive Surgery Techniques in Exotic Animals
	Introduction
	Instrumentation
	Patient Positioning
	Laparoscopy
		Patient Preparation
		Complications
	Coelioscopy in Birds and Reptiles
		Avian Coelioscopy
		Reptile Coelioscopy
	Specific Laparoscopic Techniques
		Liver Biopsy
		Pancreatic Biopsy
		Renal Biopsy
		Intestinal Biopsy
	Other Diagnostic Techniques
		Feeding Tube Placement
		Ovariectomy/Ovariohysterectomy
		Avian Salpingohysterectomy
		Endoscopic Avian Vasectomy
		Chelonian Oophorectomy/Ovariectomy/Ovariosalpingectomy
		Cryptorchid and Abdominal Castration
		Endoscopic Avian Orchidectomy
		Endoscopic Green Iguana Orchidectomy
		Endoscopic-Assisted Chelonian Orchidectomy
		Cystotomy
	Thoracoscopy
	Thoracoscopic Procedures
		Thoracoscopic Lung Lobectomy, Partial Lobectomy, and Lung Biopsy
		Hilar Lymph Node and Mediastinal Mass Biopsy and Removal
		Nephrectomy in a Rabbit
	Summary
	References
Chapter 16 Orthopedic Surgery in Small Mammals
	Anatomy and Physiology
	Diagnostics
	Joint Disease
	Trauma
	Bone Composition and Bone Healing
		Bone Composition
		Bone Healing
	Principles of Fracture Stabilization
	Fractures
	Repair of Specific Fractures
	Fractures of the Humerus
	Fractures of the Radius and Ulna
	Fractures of the Metacarpal Bones
	Fractures of the Pelvic Bones
	Fractures of the Femur
	Fractures of the Tibia and Fibula
	References
Chapter 17 Rabbit Soft Tissue Surgery
	Introduction
	Celiotomy
		GI Surgery
		Urinary Tract Surgery
		Reproductive Tract Surgery
	Thoracic Surgery
		Thymoma and Thymic Lymphoma
		Lung Lobe Abscesses
		Postoperative Care
	Enucleation and Exenteration
	Ear Surgery
		Anatomy
		History and Clinical Signs
		Diagnostic Evaluation
		Medical Management
		Auricular Surgery
	Abscess Management
	References
Chapter 18 Ferret Soft Tissue Surgery
	Surgical Abdominal Anatomy
		Hepatobiliary System
		Gastrointestinal Tract
		Pancreas
		Spleen
		Adrenal Glands
		Urogenital System
	Celiotomy and Closure
	Surgical Procedures
		Adrenalectomy
		Partial Pancreatectomy
		Splenectomy
		Gastrointestinal Surgery
		Gastrointestinal Foreign Body Removal
	Pyloric Outflow Obstruction
	Oral Cavity Disease
	Abdominal Organ Biopsy
	Urogenital Surgery
	Urolithiasis
	Preputial Masses
	Miscellaneous Procedures
		Tail Amputation
		Anal Sacculectomy
		Cardiac Pacemaker
		Vascular Access Port
	References
Chapter 19 Rodent Soft Tissue Surgery
	Introduction
	Reproductive Tract Surgery
		Orchidectomy
		Paraphimosis
		Ovariectomy and Ovariohysterectomy
		Cesarean Section
	Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Masses
		Mammary Tumors
		Other Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Masses
	Gastrointestinal Surgery
		Gastric Trichobezoars
		Cheek Pouch Eversion
		Other Gastrointestinal Surgery
	Urinary Tract Surgery
		Urolithiasis
	Intraabdominal Masses
	Thoracic Surgery
		Lateral Intercostal Thoracotomy
		Ventral Midline Thoracotomy
	Enucleation and Exenteration
	Ear Surgery
	Tail Degloving
	Pododermatitis
	Recovery
	References
Chapter 20 Soft Tissue Surgery in Hedgehogs
	Ovariohysterectomy and Mammary Tumor Removal
	Orchiectomy
	Posthitis and Paraphimosis
	Neoplastic Disease in Hedgehogs
	Proptosis and Enucleation
	Leg and Foot Injuries
	Intervertebral Disc Disease
	References
Chapter 21 Surgery of the Sugar Glider
	Introduction
	Orchiectomy
	Penectomy
	Abdominal Surgical Approach
	Ovariectomy and Ovariohysterectomy
	Patagial Surgery
	Tail Amputation
	Removal of the Paracloacal Glands
	References
Chapter 22 Small Mammal Dental Surgery
	Incisor Extraction
		Intraoral Approach
		Extraoral Approach (Osteotomy)
		Elodontoma Treatment
	Cheek Tooth Extraction
		Intraoral Approach
		Extraoral Approach (Apical Osteotomy)
		Mandibular Osteotomy (P3-M3 in Rabbits)
		Maxillary Osteotomy (P2-P3 in Rabbits)
		Maxillary Osteotomy (P4-M1 in Guinea Pigs)
	Surgery of Mandibular Abscesses
	Apicoectomy
	Alternative Methods of Abscess-Treatment
	Surgery of Rostral Maxillary Abscesses
		Extraoral Tooth Extraction (P2, P3) and Sinusotomy in Rabbits
	Lateral Fenestration of the Nasolacrimal Duct
	Dorsal Rhinostomy
	Surgery of Retrobulbar Abscesses
		Extraoral Tooth Extraction Combined with Orbital Exenteration or Partial Resection of the Zygomatic Arch in Rabbits
	Treatment of Jaw Fractures
	Stabilization of a Mandibular Symphysiolysis
	Condylectomy
	Alveolectomy and Mandibulectomy
		Segmental, Partial, or Complete
	References
Chapter 23 Large Mammal Dental Surgery
	Introduction
	Preprocedure Considerations
	Terminology
	Elephants
	Tusks
	Partial Pulpectomy
	Tusk Extraction
	Molars
		Odontoplasty
		Molar Extraction
		Extraction Site Maintenance
	Chronic Alveolar Osteitis and Osteomyelitis
	Surgical Fistulation
	References
Chapter 24 Primate Surgery
	Personal Protective Equipment and Zoonotic Concerns During Surgery
	Integument and Appendages
	Respiratory Tract
		Orthopedics
	Abdominal Surgery
		Hernias
		Retroperitoneal and Abdominal Abscesses
		Intestinal Acanthocephala Infestation (Thorny-Headed Worms)
	Trichobezoar and Phytobezoar
		Cholecystectomy
		Choledochotomy, Choledochal Tube Stenting, and Cholecystoenterostomy
	Gastrointestinal Neoplasms
	Reproductive Surgery
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 25 Marine Mammal Surgery
	Background
	Surgery of Pinnipeds
		Ocular Surgery
		Orthopedic Surgery
		Abdominal Surgery
		MIS Procedures
	Surgery of Cetaceans
		Oral Surgery
		Ocular Surgery
		Abdominal Surgery
		Closure of Surgical Incisions
	References
Chapter 26 Megavertebrate Laparoscopy
	Instrumentation
	Elephant Laparoscopy and Minimally Invasive Surgery
	Vasectomy
	Functional Ovariectomy
	Body Wall Closure
	Rhinoceros Laparoscopy
	Ovariectomy
	Hippopotamus Laparoscopy
	References
Chapter 27 Zoo Animal Surgery
	General Considerations
		Partnerships
		Diversity
		Forces
		Postoperative Management
	Surgeries
		Contraception
		Miscellaneous
	References
Chapter 28 Surgical Oncology in Exotics
	Principles of Surgical Oncology and Application to Exotics
	Birds
		Integumentary and Musculoskeletal Tumors
		Lipomas/Liposarcomas
		Soft Tissue Sarcomas
		Bone Tumors
		Hemangioma/Hemangiosarcoma
		Alimentary Tumors
		Adjuvant Therapies
	Rabbits
		Tumors of the Reproductive Tract
		Urinary Tract Tumors
		Thymic Neoplasia
		Tumors of the Skin
		Tumors of Bone
	Ferrets
		Endocrine
		Integumentary
		Reproductive
	Rodents
		Tumors in Rats and Mice
		Hamsters
		Chinchillas
		Guinea Pigs
	Reptiles
		Hepatic Tumors
		Cutaneous Tumors
		Endocrine Tumors
		Musculoskeletal Tumors
		Urogenital Tumors
		Gastrointestinal Tumors
		Treatment Options
	References
Index
EULA