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دانلود کتاب Surgery at a Glance
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Surgery at a Glance
ویرایش: 5th edition نویسندگان: Borley. Neil R., Grace. Pierce A سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9781118272206, 111827220X ناشر: Wiley-Blackwell سال نشر: 2013 تعداد صفحات: 209 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 18 مگابایت
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Cover Title page Copyright page Contents Preface List of abbreviations Part 1 Clinical presentations at a glance 1: Neck lump Definition Differential diagnosis Thyroid Neoplasm Inflammatory Congenital Vascular Important diagnostic features Children Young adults Over-40s 2: Dysphagia Definition Important diagnostic features Mural causes Intraluminal causes Extramural causes 3: Haemoptysis Definition Important diagnostic features Spurious haemoptysis True haemoptysis 4: Breast lump Definition Differential diagnosis Swelling of the whole breast (mammoplasia) Localized swellings in the breast Swellings behind the breast 5: Breast pain Definition Important diagnostic features Non-breast conditions Mastalgia due to breast pathology Mastalgia without breast pathology 6: Nipple discharge Definition Differential diagnosis Physiological discharges Pathological discharges 7: Gastrointestinal bleeding/1 Definitions Upper GI bleeding Important diagnostic features Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum Gastrointestinal bleeding/2 Lower GI bleeding Important diagnostic features Small intestine Colon Rectum Anus 8: Dyspepsia Definition Differential diagnosis Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum Gallstones 9: Vomiting Definitions Important diagnostic features Central vomiting Reflex vomiting 10: Acute abdominal pain Definitions Important diagnostic features History of the pain Abdominal examination 11: Chronic abdominal pain Definition Important diagnostic features Irritable bowel syndrome Adhesions Mesenteric angina Meckel’s diverticulum 12: Abdominal swellings (general) Definition Important diagnostic features ‘Fat’ ‘Flatus’ ‘Fluid’ ‘Faeces’ ‘Fetus’ ‘Flipping big mass’ 13: Abdominal swellings (localized) – upper abdominal/1 Abdominal swellings (localized) – upper abdominal/2 14: Abdominal swellings (localized) – lower abdominal 15: Jaundice Definition Differential diagnosis Pre-hepatic/haemolytic jaundice Hepatic/hepatocellular jaundice Post-hepatic/obstructive jaundice 16: Diarrhoea Definitions Important diagnostic features Acute diarrhoea Chronic diarrhoea 17: Altered bowel habit/constipation Definitions Important diagnostic features Chronic constipation 18: Groin swellings Definition Important diagnostic features Inguinal hernia Femoral hernia Principles of hernia surgery 19: Claudication Definition Differential diagnosis Vascular Neurological 20: Acute warm painful leg Definitions Important diagnostic features Infection Trauma Degenerative Tumours Vascular 21: Acute ‘cold’ leg Definition Important diagnostic features Isolated arterial embolus Trauma Thrombosis (in situ) 22: Leg ulceration Definition Important diagnostic features Venous ulcers Arterial ulcers Diabetic ulcers Malignant ulcers Miscellaneous ulcers 23: Dysuria Definitions Important diagnostic features Urinary tract infection Other causes of dysuria 24: Urinary retention Definitions Differential diagnosis Age Mechanical 25: Haematuria Definitions Important diagnostic features Kidney Ureter Bladder Prostate Urethra 26: Scrotal swellings Definition Differential diagnosis Scrotum Testis 27: Stomas and incisions Definitions Indications for common stomas Siting and care of a stoma Features to recognize a stoma Complications of stomas Abdominal and thoracic incisions Part 2 Surgical diseases at a glance 28: Anaesthesia – general Definitions Pre-operative assessment General anaesthesia Pre-operative fasting Aims and technique Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) Anaesthesia – regional Regional anaesthesia Aims and technique Regional anaesthetic techniques Sedation Postoperative pain control Analgesia in postoperative patients 29: Hypoxia Definitions Classification of hypoxia Common causes Postoperative causes (usually hypoxic hypoxia) General causes Clinical features In the unconscious patient In the conscious patient 30: Surgical infection – general Definitions Pathophysiology of bacterial infection Bacterial secretions Natural history of infection Management of surgical infection Preventive measures Management of established infection Surgical infection – specific Specific surgical infections Cellulitis Tetanus Gas gangrene Post-operative infections Essential management of post-operative pyrexia Wound infections Intra-abdominal infections Intra-abdominal abscess Respiratory infections Urinary tract infections Intravenous central line infection Pseudomembranous enterocolitis Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) 31: Sepsis Definitions Epidemiology Risk factors Pathophysiology Prognosis 32: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome Definitions Common surgical causes Pathophysiology Treatment 33: Shock Definition Common causes Hypovolaemic Cardiogenic Septic Anaphylactic/distributive Clinical features Hypovolaemic and cardiogenic Septic Anaphylactic Investigations and assessment Complications 34: Acute renal failure Definitions Common causes Pre-renal failure (volume depletion and hypotension, structurally intact nephrons) Intrinsic renal failure (structural and functional damage to kidney) Post-renal failure (obstruction to the passage of urine) Clinical features Oliguric phase Polyuric (recovery) phase Investigations Prognosis 35: Fractures Definitions Common causes Clinical features Investigations Complications Early Late 36: Orthopaedics – congenital and childhood disorders Definitions Classification General abnormalities Specific abnormalities Miscellaneous 37: Orthopaedics – metabolic and infective disorders Definitions Bone loss Osteoporosis Osteopenia Rickets/osteomalacia Osteolysis Hyperparathyroidism Dysplasia Infections 38: Arthritis Definitions Osteoarthritis (OA) Definition Aetiology Pathology Clinical features Investigations Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Definition Aetiology Pathology Clinical features Investigations Prognosis Other types of arthritis Gout Psoriatic arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Reactive arthritis or Reiter’s syndrome Haemophillic arthritis 39: Musculoskeletal tumours Definitions Epidemiology Classification of musculoskeletal tumours Clinical features Investigations Specific bone tumours Multiple myeloma Osteosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Ewing’s sarcoma family of tumours 40: Burns Definitions Common causes Clinical features General Specific Investigations Complications Immediate Early Late 41: Major trauma – basic principles Definition Principles of management Patterns of injury Timing of death following trauma 42: Traumatic brain injury (head injury)/1 Definitions Epidemiology Pathophysiology Closed head injury Penetrating head injury Clinical features Investigations Traumatic brain injury (head injury)/2 Complications Skull fractures Intracranial haemorrhage Raised intracranial pressure Prognosis 43: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Definitions Common causes Clinical features Investigations Complications Barrett’s oesophagus Definition and aetiology Diagnosis (two criteria) Complications Management 44: Oesophageal carcinoma Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Pathology Clinical features Investigations Prognosis 45: Peptic ulcer disease Definition Common causes Clinical features Duodenal ulcer and type II gastric ulcer (i.e. prepyloric and antral) Type I gastric ulcer (i.e. body of stomach) Investigations 46: Gastric carcinoma Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Pathology Clinical features Investigations Prognosis 47: Malabsorption Definition Clinical features Differential diagnosis Coeliac disease Crohn’s disease Cystic fibrosis Intestinal resection Whipple’s disease (intestinal lipodystrophy) Bacterial overgrowth Radiation enteropathy Chronic ischaemic enteropathy Parasitic infection Investigations 48: Crohn’s disease Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Pathology Macroscopic Histology Clinical features Acute presentations (uncommon) Subacute presentations (common) Chronic presentations Perianal disease Extraintestinal features Investigations Prognosis 49: Acute appendicitis Definition Epidemiology Pathology Clinical features Investigations Differential diagnosis Complications 50: Diverticular disease Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Pathology Macroscopic Histological Clinical features Investigations Prognosis Hinchey classification of acute diverticulitis 51: Ulcerative colitis Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Pathology Macroscopic Histological Clinical features Proctitis Left-sided colitis → total colitis Extraintestinal features Severe/fulminant disease Investigations Prognosis 52: Colorectal carcinoma Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Pathology Macroscopic Histological Clinical features Investigations Prognosis 53: Benign anal and perianal disorders Haemorrhoids (‘piles’) Definition Aetiology Classification Clinical features Treatment Rectal prolapse Definition Aetiology Clinical features Treatment Perianal haematoma Anal fissure Definition Aetiology Clinical features Treatment Perianal abscess Aetiology Clinical features Treatment Fistula-in-ano Definition and aetiology Clinical features Treatment Pilonidal sinus Definition Aetiology Clinical features Treatment 54: Intestinal obstruction Definitions Common causes Anatomical classification Small bowel obstruction Large bowel obstruction Pathophysiology Clinical features Investigations 55: Abdominal hernias Definitions Types Common Uncommon Pathophysiology Clinical features Principles of hernia surgery Complications of surgery 56: Gallstone disease/1 Definitions Epidemiology Pathogenesis Pathology Clinical features Gallstone disease/2 Investigations 57: Pancreatitis Definition Aetiology Pathology Acute Chronic Clinical features Complications – acute pancreatitis Acute Subacute/chronic Chronic pancreatitis 58: Pancreatic tumours Definitions Epidemiology Aetiology Pathology Clinical features Investigations Prognosis Neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas 59: Benign breast disease Definition Abnormalities of development Fibroadenoma Abnormalities of cycles Fibrocystic disease Abnormalities of involution Breast cyst Other benign conditions Breast abscess Mammary duct ectasia Duct papilloma Fat necrosis Cystosarcoma phylloides 60: Breast cancer Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Pathology Screening Clinical features Investigations 61: Goitre Definition Common causes Clinical features Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism 62: Thyroid malignancies Definition Epidemiology Pathology Aetiology Clinical features Investigations Complications of thyroid surgery 63: Parathyroid disease Hyperparathyroidism Definition Causes Pathology Clinical features Diagnosis Hypoparathyroidism Definition Causes Pathology Clinical features Diagnosis 64: Pituitary disorders Definition Common causes Clinical features Investigations 65: Adrenal disorders Definitions Common causes Failure of secretion Excessive secretion Clinical features Investigations Basic principles Addison’s disease Cushing’s syndrome Conn’s syndrome Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Phaeochromocytoma Localization imaging 66: Skin cancer Definition Epidemiology Malignant melanoma Aetiology/predisposing factors Pathology Clinical features Squamous cell carcinoma Aetiology/predisposing factors Pathology Clinical features Basal cell carcinoma Aetiology/predisposing factors Pathology Clinical features Staging Investigations Prognosis 67: Ischaemic heart disease Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Risk factors Pathology Clinical features Non-acute coronary artery disease Acute coronary artery disease Investigations Non-acute coronary artery disease Acute coronary syndromes Complications of MI 68: Valvular heart disease Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Pathology Clinical features Aortic stenosis Aortic regurgitation Mitral stenosis Mitral regurgitation Tricuspid stenosis Tricuspid regurgitation Investigations 69: Peripheral arterial disease Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Risk factors Pathology Clinical features Fontaine classification Chronic ischaemia (see Chapter 19) Acute ischaemia (see Chapter 21) Investigations Chronic ischaemia Acute ischaemia Prognosis Non-disabling claudication Disabling claudication/critical ischaemia Acute ischaemia 70: The diabetic foot Definition Pathophysiology Clinical features Neuropathic features Ischaemic features Investigations 71: Aneurysms Definitions Sites Aetiology Risk factors Pathology Clinical features of AAA Asymptomatic Symptomatic AAA Symptomatic TAA Investigations Detection of AAA Detection of TAA Determination of fitness for surgery Prognosis 72: Extracranial arterial disease Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Risk factors Pathophysiology Clinical features Investigations 73: Venous thromboembolism Definitions Epidemiology Aetiology Virchow’s triad (see opposite) Pathology Clinical features Diagnosis and investigations Deep venous thrombosis Pulmonary embolism Chronic venous insufficiency 74: Varicose veins Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Pathophysiology Clinical features CEAP classification for lower extremity venous disease Investigations 75: Lymphoedema Definition Classification of lymphoedema Clinical features Limb swelling Clinical grades Investigations 76: Postoperative pulmonary complications Definitions Aetiology/pathophysiology Pulmonary collapse Pneumonia Pulmonary embolism Predisposing factors Patients prone to severe pneumonia Clinical features Pulmonary collapse Pneumonia Investigations 77: Lung cancer Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Pathology Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (85%) Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) (15%) Spread Clinical features Investigations Diagnostic Assess operability Prognosis 78: Urinary tract infection Definition Epidemiology Risk factors Pathology Clinical features Upper urinary tract infection Lower urinary tract infection Investigations Upper urinary tract infection Lower urinary tract infection Complications 79: Benign prostatic hypertrophy Definition Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical features Investigations Basic investigations Further investigations Complications of surgical treatment Prognosis 80: Renal (urinary) calculi Definition Epidemiology Pathogenesis Pathology Clinical features Investigations Interventional procedures Prophylaxis 81: Renal cell carcinoma Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Predisposing factors Pathology Histology Spread Staging and prognosis Clinical features Investigations Prognosis 82: Carcinoma of the bladder Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Pathology Histology Staging and prognosis for TCC Spread Clinical features Investigations 83: Carcinoma of the prostate Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Pathology Spread Clinical features Investigations 84: Testicular cancer Definition Epidemiology Aetiology Pathology Classification of testicular tumours Staging Spread Clinical features Investigations Prognosis 85: Urinary incontinence Definition Epidemiology Classification Urethral incontinence Non-urethral incontinence Pathophysiology Clinical features Investigations 86: Solid organ transplantation Definitions Immunology of transplantation Graft rejection Immunosuppression Graft-versus-host disease 87: Paediatric ‘general’ surgery/1 Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis Definition Aetiology Clinical features Management Malrotation of the gut Definition and aetiology Clinical features Management Meckel’s diverticulum Definition Clinical features Management Paediatric ‘general’ surgery/2 Gastro-oesophageal reflux Definition Aetiology Clinical features Investigations Treatment Intussusception Definitions Aetiology Clinical features Diagnosis Management Inguinoscrotal conditions Acute scrotum Inguinal hernia and hydrocele Undescended testis Index
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