Surfactants in Agrochemicals

Content: Cover
 Half Title
 Title Page
 Copyright Page
 Preface
 Table of Contents
 1: General Introduction
 2: Physical Chemistry of Surfactant Solutions
 I. General Classification of Surface Active Agents
 II. Properties of Solutions of Surface Active Agents
 III. Thermodynamics of Micellization
 A. Kinetic Aspects
 B. Equilibrium Aspects: Thermodynamic Treatment of Micellization
 C. Enthalpy and Entropy of Micellization
 D. Driving Force for Micelle Formation
 3: Adsorption of Surfactants and Polymers at the Air/Liquid, Liquid/Liquid, and Solid/Liquid Interfaces I. Adsorption of Surfactants at the Air/Liquid and Liquid/Liquid InterfaceA. The Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm
 B. Equation of State Approach
 Il. Adsorption of Surfactants and Polymers at the Solid/Liquid Interface
 A. Surfactant Adsorption at the Solid/Liquid In terface
 B. Polymer Adsorption
 4: Emulsiflable Concentrates
 l. General Guidelines for Formutation of Emulsifiable Concentrates
 Il. Spontaneity of Emulsification
 III. Fundamental Investigations on a Modet Emulsifiable Concentrate
 5: Emulsions
 l. Introduction
 II. Formation of Emulsions
 III. Selection of Emulsifiers A. The Hydrophilic-Lipophilic (HLB) ConceptB. The Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) Concept
 C. The Cohesive Energy Ratio Concept
 IV. Emulsion Stability
 A. Creaming and sedimentation
 B. Flocculation of Emulsions
 C. Ostwald Ripening
 D. Emulsion Coalescence
 E. Phase Inversion
 V. Characterization of Emulsions and Assessment of Their Long-Term Physical Stability
 A. Interfacial Properties
 B. Interfacial Rheology
 6: Suspension Concentrates
 l. Introduction
 Il. Preparation of Suspension Concentrates and the Role of Surfactants
 A. Wetting of the Agrochemical Powder B. Dispersion and MillingIII. Control of the Physical Stability of Suspension Concentrates
 A. Stability Against Aggregation
 B. Ostwald Ripening (Crystal Growth)
 C. Stability Against Claying or Caking
 IV. Assessment of the Long-Term Physical Stability of Suspension Concentrates
 A. Double-Layer Investigation
 B. Surfactant and Polymer Adsorption
 C. Assessment of the State of the Dispersion
 D. Rheological Measurements
 7: Microemulsions
 I. Introduction
 Il. Basic Principles of Microemulsion Formation and Thermodynamic stability III. Factors Determining w/o vs. o/w Microemulsion FormationIV. Selection of Surfactants for Microemulsion Formutation
 V. Characterization of Microemulsions
 A. Conductivity Measurements
 B. Light Scattering Measurements
 VI. Role of Microemulsions in Enhancement of BiologicaJ Efficacy
 8: Role of Surfactants in the Transfer and Performance of Agrochemicals
 l. Introduction
 II. Interactions at the Solution InteTface and Their Effect on Droplet Formation
 III. Impaction and Adhesion
 IV. Droplet Sliding and Spray Retention
 V. Wetting and Spreading