Supervision of police personnel

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 The Supervisor’s Role
	Supervisory Position
	Technical and Supervisory Competence
	Organizational Knowledge
	Basic Supervisory Responsibilities
		Planner
		Personnel Officer
		Trainer
		Coach
		Counselor
		Controller
		Decision Maker and Communicator
		Leader
	Transition from Officer to Supervisor
	Summary
	Review
2 The Supervisor’s function in organization, Administration, and Management
	Administrative Functions
		Planning
		Organizing
		Staffing
		Directing
		Coordinating
	Basic Organizational Structures
		Line Organization
		Functional Organization
		Line and Staff Organization
	Division of Work
	Unity of Command
	Span of Control
	Delegation
		Delegation Failures
		Delegation Process
		Personnel Development by Delegation
	The Exception Principle
	Delegation of Staff Projects
		Researching Projects
		Planning Projects
	Summary
	Review
3 Leadership, Supervision, and Command Presence
	Resistance to Leadership Training
	Development of Leadership Ability
	Types of Leaders
		Autocratic Leader
		Democratic or Participatory Leader
		Free Rein or Laissez-Faire Leader
	Situational Leadership
	Transformational Leadership and Empowerment
	Selection of a Leadership Style
	Command Presence and Leadership
	Elements of Leadership
		Discipline
		Ethics
		Common Sense
		Psychology
	Motivation of Employees
	Situational Analysis and Self-Appraisal
	Leadership Characteristics
	Personality of a Leader
	Human Relations and Leadership
		Manner of the Leader
		Language of the Leader
		Commendations and Praise by the Leader
		Criticism and Reprimands by the Leader
	Knowledge of Subordinates
	Supervision of the Marginal Employee
	Order Giving
		Direct Commands
		Requests
		Implied or Suggested Orders
		Requests for Volunteers
		Method of Communication
		Follow-Up
	Decision Making
	Drawing of Conclusions
	Moderation in Supervision
	Fraternization
	Example Setting
	Women Supervisors
	Supervising a Diverse Workforce
	Supervising the Multigenerational Workforce
	Avoidance of Gender Bias and Harassment
	Symptoms of Leadership Failure
	Leadership Issues in Community Policing
	Summary
	Review
4 The Training Function: Problems and Approaches to the Instructional Process
	Importance of Training
		Causes and Effects of Training Failure
		Remedy for Failure
		Instructor’s Approach to Teaching
	Instruction as a Supervisory Responsibility
	Need for Training
	Principles of Learning
		Principle of Readiness
		Principle of Effect
		Principle of Repetition
		Principle of Primacy
		Principle of Recency
		Principle of Intensity
	Learning Process Variables
		Learning Rate
		Adult Learner Differences
		Motivation
		Interest and Learning Effectiveness
	Learning Patterns
	Instructional Goals and Specific Objectives
	Analysis of Job Tasks and Material Selection
	Lesson Plan
		Form
		Teaching Sequence
	Learning by Association
		Five Steps of Teaching
		Introduction
		Presentation
		Review
		Application
		Test
	General Problems Affecting Teaching Method
	Common Causes of Teacher Ineffectiveness
	Teaching Methods
		Lectures
		Guest Speakers
		Role Playing and Field Problems
		Stress Management Simulations
		Workshops
		Demonstrations
		Group Discussions
		Panel Discussions
		Conferences
	Staff Meetings
		Planning
		Follow-Up
		Use and Misuse of Procedures
	Use of Questions
	Use of Teaching Aids
	Types of Teaching Aids
		Display Aids
		Duplicated Aids
		Projected Aids
		Three-Dimensional Aids
		Electronic Media Devices
		Field Trips
		Additional Training Resources
	Summary
	Review
5 Interpersonal Communications
	Cultural, Environmental, and Psychological Factors
	Processes of Communications
	Barriers to Effective Communications
		Failure to Listen
		Status Differences
		Psychological Size
		Noise
		Language Barriers
		Fear of Criticism
		Jumping to Conclusions
		Filtering
		Individual Sentiments and Attitudes
		Intentional Suppression or Manipulation of Communications
		Complexity of Communications Channels
		Overloading of Communications Channels
		Overstructuring of Communications Channels
	Overcoming Communication Barriers
		Determine Objectives
		Practice Empathy
		Obtain Feedback
		Keep Subordinates Informed
		Be Consistent in Communicating
		Make Actions Speak Louder Than Words
		Listen, Understand, and Be Understood
	Characteristics of Communications
		Autocratic Communications
		Democratic Communications
		Free Rein Communications
	Types of Communicators
	Written Communications
		Clarity of Expression
		Simplicity
		Accuracy
		Arrangement
		Style
		Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations, and Plan of Action
		Format
	Email
	Effectively Managing Your Email
		The Four Ds for Decision-Making Model
	Manuals—Orders
	Briefing
	Proofreading and Editing
	Typical Deficiencies in Writing
	Summary
	Review
6 Principles of Interviewing
	Interrogation versus Interview
	Major Functions of the Interview
	Preparation for an Interview
		Preliminary Planning
		Privacy
		Types of Questions
	Conducting an Interview
		Interview Opening
		Use of Questions
		Interviewer Attitude
		Employee-Centered Approach
		Active Listening
	Elimination of Bias
	Confidential Agreements
	Advice Giving
	Psychological Reactions in the Interview
	Types of Personnel Interviews
		Informal Interview
		Employment Interview
		Progress Interview
		Grievance Interview
		Problem-Solving Interview
		Disciplinary Action Interview
		Separation Interview
	Recording of Results
	Evaluation of Results
	Causes of Unsuccessful Interviews
	Summary
	Review
7 Some Psychological Aspects of Supervision
	Drives, Satisfactions, and Needs
		Drives
		Satisfactions
		Needs
	Inferiority Complex
	Catharsis
	Fixation and Regressive Behavior
	Supervisory Problem: The Frustrated Employee
	Nature of Frustration
	Barriers Causing Frustration
		External Barriers
		Internal Barriers
	Frustration and Performance
	Some Common Reactions to Frustration
		Aggression
		Attitude of Resignation
		Escape
		Excuses and Rationalizations
		Regression
		Fixations
	Frustration Prevention
	Relief for Frustration: Some Commonsense Approaches
	Summary
	Review
8 Special Problems in Counseling and Remediation
	Nature of Problem Drinking
	Development and Symptoms of Problem Drinking
		Development of the Problem
		Symptoms of the Problem
	Some Options in Treating the Problem Drinker
		Off-the-Job Problem Drinking
		Indirect Solicitation for Help
		Job-Related Problem Drinking
		Drinking and Deteriorating Job Performance
	Counseling for the Problem Drinker
		Preliminary Action
		Counseling Sessions
		Note Taking
		Referral
		Objective of Professional Counseling
	Emotional and Personal Problems
		Psychological Symptoms
		Physiological Symptoms
		Supervisory Role
	Counseling for the Emotionally Troubled Subordinate
	Management and Remediation of Emotional Distress
		Occupational Stress
		Depression
		Suicide Awareness and Prevention
		Family Discord
		Trauma-Producing Incidents
	Summary
	Review
9 Employee Dissatisfaction and Grievances
	Dissatisfaction with Work Environment
	Inept Supervisory Practices
	Misunderstandings of Policies, Rules, and Procedures
	Management Failures
		Rules of Conduct
		Rule Enforcement
		Due Process Violations
	Supervisory Influence on Non–Job-Related Employee Behavior
	Recognition of Employee Dissatisfaction
	Supervisory Approaches to Employee Dissatisfaction
	Employee Grievances
		Noncontractual Matters
		Contractual Violations and Grievances
	Working with Unions
	Summary
	Review
10 Discipline: Principles, Policies, and Practices
	Forms of Discipline
		Positive Discipline
		Negative Discipline
	Adverse Effects of Punishment
	Detection of Problem Employee Behavior
	Requisites of Punishment
		Certainty
		Swiftness
		Fairness and Impartiality
		Consistency
		Deterrence for Others
	Discipline by Example
	Upward Discipline
	Interdependency of Discipline, Morale, and Esprit de Corps
	Reversals of Administrative Actions
	Results of Unsustained Disciplinary Actions
	Complaint Investigation Policy
		Procedure
		Objectives
	Vicarious Liability
	Coroner’s Transcripts
	Summary
	Review
11 Personnel Complaint Investigation Procedures and Techniques
	Case Preparation
	Sources of Complaints
		Internal Complaints
		External Complaints
		Anonymous Complaints
	Non–Job-Related Misconduct
	Observed Infractions
		Discuss in Private
		Record Results
		Follow Up
	Complaint Types
		Primary Complaints
		Anonymous Complaints
		Complaints from Intoxicated Persons
		Second-Party Complaints
	Recording of Complaints
	Complaint Investigation
		Avoidance of Premature Conclusions
		Prevention of Additional Harm
		Arrest and Booking of an Employee
		Promptness of Investigation
		Collection of Negative Information
		Personnel Record Check
		Interview of the Accused Employee
		Legal Counsel
		Written Statements
		Avoidance of Face-to-Face Encounters
		Searches
		Lineups
		Investigative Aids
		Physical Tests
	Procedural Due Process Requirements
		Charges and Specifications
		Balancing Test
		Protective Rules for Employees
	Reporting Procedures
		Investigative Report
		Pagination and Cross-References
		Avoidance of Offensive Terminology
	Classification of Complaint Investigations
	Discipline and the News Media
	Disposition of Complaints
		Notification to the Complainant
		Notification to the Accused Employee
		Imposition of a Penalty
	Disciplinary Failures
	Summary
	Review
12 Personnel Evaluation Systems and Performance Rating Standards
	Objectives of Evaluation Systems
	A Case for Evaluation Systems
	Causes of Evaluation System Failures
		Indifference
		Employee Pressures
		Failure to Train Raters
		Rating Abuses
		Slipshod Procedures
		Rating Shortcuts
	Gathering and Recording of Performance Data
		Recording Methods
		Critical Incident Technique
	Rating Traits
	Performance Standards
	Rating Criteria
		Patrol and Traffic Personnel
		Investigative Personnel
		Staff and Auxiliary Personnel
	Rating Standards
		Employee Ranking
		Representative Employee Standard
		Ideal Employee Standard
		Numerical Standard
		Forced-Choice Standard
	Rater Characteristics
	Common Rating Errors
		Leniency
		Personal Bias
		Central Tendency
		Halo Effect
		Related Traits
		Overweighting or Recency
		Subjectivity
	Validity and Reliability of Ratings
		Validity
		Reliability
	Evaluation Period
	Rating Methods
		Composite Ratings
		Group Ratings
		Individual Trait Ratings
	Discussion of Rating with Employee
		Interview
		Acknowledgment of Rating
		Follow-Up
		Written Notification of Rating
	Summary
	Review
13 Tactical Deployment of field forces
	Supervisory Responsibilities in Unusual Occurrences
	Basic Procedures for Unusual Occurrences
		Communication of Field Intelligence
		Establishment of a Command Post
		Incident Command System (ICS)
		Reconnaissance
		Logistics Aide and Press Relations Officer
	Operational Guidelines for Unusual Occurrences
	Barricaded Persons
		Hostages
		Direction of Assault
	Operating Procedures in Hostage and Barricaded Suspect Cases
		Preliminary Operations
		General Considerations
		Rational Suspect
		Emotionally Troubled Suspect
		Assault Tactics
		Response to the Active Shooter
		Search for Other Suspects
		Arrest of Suspect
	Civil Disorder: Minor Unlawful Assemblies
	Civil Disorder: Major Disturbances
		Communications
		Field Tactics
		Use of Force
		Arrests
		Use of Chemical Agents
		Hostile Sniper Fire
		Limited Withdrawal
		Follow-Up Action
	Labor Disputes
		Maintenance of Impersonal Attitude
		Avoidance of Fraternizing
		Display of Weapons
		Meeting with Labor and Management Representatives
		Control Tactics
		Strike Scene Arrests
	Disaster Control
		Basic Operational Procedures
		Evacuation
		Rescue
	Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attack
		Indicators of a Chemical Attack
		On-Scene Indicators
		Indicators of a Biological Attack
		Indicators of a Radiological Attack
		Response Actions
	Aircraft Crashes
		Precautions in Rendering Aid
		Security of Military Aircraft
	Bomb Threats
		Evacuation Procedures
		Search of Premises
		Bomb Precautions
	Major Fires
		Evacuation of Fire Area
		Antilooting Patrols
	Area Searches
	Missing Children
		Broadcasting Procedures
		Initial Search
		Operating Procedures for Widespread Search
		Search Teams
		Residential Search Patterns
		Open-Area Search
	Wanted Persons
		On-Scene Procedures
		Search Strategies
		Business District Searches
		Building Searches
	Department of Homeland Security Initiatives
	Summary
	Review
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
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	Q
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