Superresolution Optical Microscopy: The Quest for Enhanced Resolution and Contrast

Epigraph
Preface
	Specific Features of the Book
	Curiosity, Skepticism, Innovation, and Creativity in Science and Technology
	The Importance of Responsible Conduct of Research
Contents
About the Author
Development of Microscopes
1 Connections Between Light, Vision, and Microscopes
	References
2 Concepts and Criteria of Resolution
	2.1 Introduction: What Is Resolution?
	2.2 Role of Diffraction in Image Formation
	2.3 Development of the Two-Point Resolution Concept: Classical Criteria
		2.3.1 George Biddell Airy on Resolution: Airy Diffraction Pattern
		2.3.2 Lord Rayleigh on Resolution
		2.3.3 Sparrow on Resolution
	2.4 Other Criteria of Resolution
		2.4.1 Resolution Based on the Point Spread Function
		2.4.2 Fourier-Based Resolution Criteria
		2.4.3 Nyquist Theorem-Based Resolution Criteria
	2.5 Optical Transfer Function and Modulation Transfer Function
	2.6 Concept of Diffraction Limit
	2.7 Early Concepts of Superresolution
	2.8 Again, What Is Resolution?
	References
	Further Reading
3 Aberrations and Artifacts Confound Optical Resolution
	3.1 What You See May Not Be What It Is
	3.2 Aberrations in Microscopy
	3.3 Artifacts in Microscopy
	References
	Further Reading
4 Insights into the Development of Light Microscopes
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Development of Light Microscopes: Case Studies
	References
	Further Reading
5 Ernst Abbe and His Contributions to Optics
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Ernst Abbe: A Brief Biography
	5.3 Abbe’s Contributions to Optics
		5.3.1 Abbe Sine Condition
		5.3.2 Abbe Number
		5.3.3 Improved Manufacturing Methods and Increased Accuracy of Optical Instruments
		5.3.4 Abbe’s New Illumination System for the Microscope
		5.3.5 Abbe’s Homogeneous Immersion
	References
	Further Reading
6 Abbe’s Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Barry R. Masters’ Translation of Abbe’s 1873 Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope
	6.3 Commentary on Abbe’s 1873 Publication
		6.3.1 The Key Points in Abbe’s “Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops und der mikroskopischen Wahrnehmung”
		6.3.2 Dissemination and Understanding of Abbe’s Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope
	6.4 Stephenson’s Paper on Abbe’s Experiments Illustrating Abbe’s Theory of Microscopic Vision
	6.5 Further Commentary and the English Reception of Abbe’s “Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops und der mikroskopischen Wahrnehmung”
	6.6 Summary Remarks on Abbe’s Theory and Abbe’s Experiments
	References
	Further Reading
7 Helmholtz’s Contributions on the Theoretical Limits to the Resolution of the Microscope
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Helmholtz and His 1874 Publication: On the Limits of Optical Capacity of the Microscope
		7.2.1 “Die theoretische Grenze für die Leistungsfähigkeit der Mikroskope” (On the Theoretical Limits of the Optical Capacity (Resolution) of the Microscope) English translation by Barry R. Masters
		7.2.2 Commentary on Helmholtz’s Publication “On the Limits of the Optical Capacity [Resolution] of the Microscope”
	7.3 Rayleigh’s Paper “On the Theory of Optical Images with Special Reference to the Microscope”
	7.4 Porter’s 1906 Publication: “On the Diffraction Theory of Microscopic Vision”
	References
	Further Reading
8 Further Insights into Abbe’s Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope Based on Diffraction
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Zernike’s Insights on Abbe’s Theory and the Zeiss Werke Culture
	8.3 Abbe’s Diffraction Experiments Parts 1–5, by Peter Evennett, Dresden Imaging Facility Network, 2001
	References
	Further Reading
9 Mathematical Description of Abbe’s Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope Based on Diffraction
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Mathematical Description of Abbe’s Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope Based on Diffraction
	References
	Further Reading
Optical Techniques to Enhance Contrast in the Microscope
10 Richard Zsigmondy and Henry Siedentopf’s Ultramicroscope
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 The Ultramicroscope: Design, Development, and Applications
	References
11 Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Review of Instrument Design, Capabilities, and Limitations of Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy
	11.3 Optical Projection Tomography
	11.4 Instrumentation: Construction, Advantages, Limitations, and Applications
	11.5 Innovation on Microscope Illumination: Bessel and Airy Beams
		11.5.1 Bessel Beams and Their Use in Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy
		11.5.2 Airy Beams and Their Use in Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy
	References
	Further Reading
12 Phase Microscopy to Enhance Contrast
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Phase Contrast Microscopy
	12.3 Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy
	12.4 Hoffman Modulation Contrast Microscopy
	References
	Further Reading
Far-Field Superresolution Optical Microscopy
	Introduction
13 Structured Illumination Microscopy
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Antecedents of Structured Illumination Microscopy
	13.3 Linear Structured Illumination Microscopy
	13.4 Nonlinear Structured Illumination Microscopy
	13.5 Overview of Structured Illumination Microscopy
	References
	Further Reading
14 Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy and Related Techniques
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy
		14.1.2 Einstein’s 1916 Concept of Stimulated Emission
		14.1.3 Spiral Phase Plate Conversion of a Gaussian TEM00 Laser Beam to a Helical Beam with an Annular Intensity Profile and Zero Intensity at the Center
		14.1.4 Vortex Beams and Singular Optics
	14.2 Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy
		14.2.1 Historical Perspectives
		14.2.2 Stimulated Emission Depletion Foundations, Instrumentation, and Applications
	14.3 Ground State Depletion Microscopy
	14.4 Reversible Saturable Optical Fluorescence Transitions Microscopy
	14.5 Advances in Instrumentation, Probes, and Applications
	References
	Further Reading
15 Localization Microscopy with Active Control
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Antecedent Publications
	15.3 Photoactivated Localization Microscopy
		15.3.1 Steps Toward Photoactivated Localization Microscopy
		15.3.2 The Invention and Development of Photoactivated Localization Microscopy
	15.4 Interferometric Photoactivated Localization Microscopy
	15.5 Fluorescence Photoactivated Localization Microscopy
	15.6 Photoactivated Localization Microscopy with Independently Running Acquisition
	15.7 Superresolution Optical Fluctuation Imaging
	15.8 Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy
		15.8.1 Introduction
		15.8.2 The First Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy Publication
		15.8.3 Developments of Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy
	15.9 Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy
	15.10 General Comments on Localization Microscopy with Active Control
	References
	Further Reading
16 Coda: Trade-Offs, Cautions, and Limitations of Superresolution Optical Microscopes
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Highly Desirable Future Developments
	References
	Further Reading
Appendix A Annotated Biography of Key Publications Relevant to Abbe’s Beiträge 1873
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Contribution of Nägeli and Schwendener, Das Mikroskop, Theorie und Anwendung desselben (The Microscope, Theory and Applications) (1867, 1877)
A.3 Contribution of Leopold Dippel, Das Mikroskop und Seine Anwendung, Second Edition (The Microscope and Its Applications) (1882)
A.4 Contribution of Siegfried Czapski, Theorie der Optischen Instrumente nach Abbe (Theory of Optical Instruments after Abbe) (1893)
A.5 Contribution of Dr. Albrecht Zimmermann, Das Mikroskop. Ein Leitfaden der wissenschaftlichen Mikroskopie (The Microscope, A Manual of Scientific Microscopy) (1895)
A.6 Contribution of William B. Carpenter and W. H. Dallinger, The Microscope and Its Revelations, Eighth Edition (1901)
A.7 Contribution of Siegfried Czapski in A. Winkelmann (Ed.), Handbuch der Physik, Zweite Auflage, Sechster Band, Optik (1906)
A.8 Contributions of Otto Lummer and Fritz Reiche, Die Lehre von der Bildentstehung im Mikroskop von Ernst Abbe (The Theory of Image Formation in the Microscope by Ernst Abbe) (1910)
A.9 Contributions of Siegfried Czapski and Otto Eppenstein, Grundzüge der Theorie der optischen Instrumente nach Abbe, Dritte Auflage (Fundamentals of the Theory of Optical Instruments after Abbe, Third Edition) (1924)
A.10 Contributions of the late O. Lummer, Müller-Pouillet’s Lehrbuch der Physik, Zweiter Band, 11. Auflage. Die Lehre von der strahlenden Energie (Optik), Erste Hälfte (Müller-Pouillet’s Physics Textbook, Second Volume, 11th Edition. The Teaching of Radiant Energy (Optics), First Half) (1926)
Appendix B Responsible Conduct of Research
Index