Sundarbans and its Ecosystem Services: Traditional Knowledge, Customary Sustainable Use and Community Based Innovation

Preface
Contents
Editor and Contributors
About the Editor
Contributors
Acronyms
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction: The Sundarbans as Our Mind
	Introduction
	Biodiversity Resources
		Floral Species
		Faunal Species
		Aquatic Resources
		Resource System
	An Alternative Conceptualisation of Values by the TRUs
	Current Management Approach and Associated Problems
	Methodology
		PPGIS Method
		Study Area
	Rationale and Scope of the Book
	Design of the Chapters
	Conclusions
	References
2 Current State of Terrestrial Ecosystem: Evidence of Resource Vulnerability
	Introduction
	Trends in Biodiversity Resources
	Decadal Changes in Forest Coverage
	Issues and Challenges
		Increasing Habitation and Illegal Encroachment
		Land Shortage, Land Reclamation and Shrimp Cultivation
		Rent-Seeking Tendencies and Extra-Legal Management
		Marginalisation of Local and Indigenous People and Existence of Poverty
		Industrialisation and Development Projects Near (or Around) the Forest
	Conclusions
	References
3 Current State of Biodiversity in Marine and Coastal Ecosystem of the Sundarbans
	Introduction
	Current State of Biodiversity: Scientific Evidence
		Ecological Value Mapping of Fishing
		Ecological Value Mapping of Crabs
	Traditional Resource Users’ Perspective: Community-Based Monitoring
	Loss of Coastal and Marine Biodiversity: The DPSIR Framework
	Conclusions
	References
4 Traditional Knowledge and Customary Sustainable Practices in Terrestrial Ecosystem
	Introduction
	Traditional Rules and Practices Followed by TRUs While Harvesting Resources
		Rules Followed by Mouals (Honey/Wax Collectors)
		Rules Followed by Bawalis (Wood Collectors)
		Traditional Practices of Golpata (Nypa Fruticans) Harvesters
		Cultural Beliefs of TRUs and Indigenous Communities
			Bawalis
			Mouals
			Munda Community
	Innovations in Livelihood Options
		Innovative Techniques in Agriculture
		Joint Cultivation of Crab and Duck
		Community-Based Mangrove Agro Aqua Silvi (CMAAS) Culture
		Marginalisation of TRUs and Degradation of Resources
	Conclusions
	References
5 Traditional Knowledge and Customary Sustainable Practices in Coastal and Marine Ecosystem
	Introduction
	Rules of Fishing in the Water Bodies: Traditional vs Non-traditional Perspective
		TRUs’ Perspective
		Customary Rules Followed by Jele (Traditional Fishermen)
	Practices of Fishing Followed by the Fishermen: Traditional vs Non-traditional Perspective
		TRUs’ Perspective
	The Negative Impact of Shrimp Cultivation in Coastal and Marine Ecosystems: TRUs’ Perspective
	Conclusions
	References
6 Multiple Values of Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being
	Introduction
	Well-Being and Ecosystem Services: Interconnectedness and Cooperation Between Human and Nature
	The Current State of ES: TRUs’ Perspective
		Fishermen (Jele)
		Woodcutters (Bawali)
		Honey and Wax Collectors (Moual)
		Crab Collectors
		Landscape Value Mapping of Woodcutters
		Ecological Value Mapping of Honey and Wax Collectors (Moual)
		Ecological Value Mapping of Fishermen and Crab Collectors
	Ecosystem Services and Multiple Values
		TRUs’ Perception
		Ecosystem Services and Value Types
	Drivers of Changes
	Well-Being Perception Among the TRUs
	Conclusions
	References
7 Multiple Values of Nature and Transformational Pathways
	Introduction
	Multiple Values of Nature: Reflections from the Field
		TRUs’ Perspective
		Analytical Abstraction
	Summary of Multiple Values Based on IPBES Guidelines
	Rent, Power and Political Settlement
		Governance Structure and Sign of Unsustainable Resource Extraction
	TRUs’ Perspectives
	Analytical Abstraction
	Towards Transformational Pathways
		Scenario A: Loss of Biodiversity (Level of Alienation)
		Scenario B: Loss of Biodiversity (Commodity Fetishism)
		Scenario C: Sustainable and Non-sustainable Scenario (Appropriation and Expropriation)
	Conclusions
	References
8 Climate Change and Its Impact: Sundarbans as a Natural Wall
	Introduction
	Impact of Climate Change: Perception of TRUs
	Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Predication
	Contribution of the Factors
	Conceptualising the Mangroves as a Natural Wall to the Climate Effect
	Sundarbans: A Natural Wall
	Protection from Natural Disasters
	Protection from Tidal Waves
	Protection from Carbon Emission
	Protection from Erosion
	Keeping up with Sea-Level Rise
	Conclusions
	References
9 Biodiverse Adaptation to Climate Change: Community-Based Mangrove Agro Aqua Silvi (CMAAS) Culture
	Introduction
	The Emergence of CMAAS Culture: Background Reasons
		Climate Change, Natural Disasters and Salinity Intrusion
		Intensive Shrimp Cultivation and Salinity Intrusion
		Polders, Embankments and Dam Construction
	Cultivation Method of Mangroves Under CMAAS Culture
		Site Selection
		Species Selection
		Farm Construction
		Cultivation of Mangrove Trees
		Seed Collection
		Nursery Establishment and Management
		Maintenance of the Mangrove Plant Seedlings
			Fencing
			Watering
			Weeding Out and Inspection
		Plantation in the Farms
		Care and Maintenance of the Mangroves
		Harvesting
		Uses of Mangroves
		Economic Cost and Return
	Cultivation Method of Aquatic Species Under CMAAS
		Aquatic Species Cultivated in Farms
		Fry Collection
		Seasonality of Farming
		Care and Maintenance
		Harvesting
		Cost and Return on Investment
	Comparative Analysis of CMAAS Culture and Commercial Shrimp (CS) Culture
	Conclusions
	References
10 Traditional Resource Users and Claiming of Rights
	Introduction
	Activities and Achievements
		Mobilisation Effect
		Land Struggle
		Negotiation with the Local Government
		Conservation Practices
		Community Plantation in Koyra
		Education and Health
		Financial Capability
		Social Security and Awareness
		Vocational Training
		Women Empowerment
		Protection of Indigenous Culture and Language
	Conclusions
	References
11 Resilience and TRUs’ Contribution Towards SDGs and Aichi Biodiversity Targets
	Introduction
	Conceptual Framework: Informal Institutions, Sustainable Conservation and Resilience Capacity
	Assessment of the Resilience Capacity
		Resilience Indicators for SEPLS
	Enhancement of Resilience Under Informal Institutions-Based Conservation Framework
	Aichi Biodiversity Targets and SDGs Under Alternative Conservation Framework
	Conclusions
	References
12 Human-Nature Cooperation for Well-Being: Community Understanding on ‘One Health Approach’ in COVID-19 Era
	Introduction
	Forest and Impact of COVID-19 on TRUs
		Impact of COVID-19 on TRUs
		Disruption in the Ecosystem
		Policy Regime and Response to COVID Impact
	Community Conceptualisation of ‘One Health Approach’ in the Sundarbans
	Nature’s Contribution to Human Beings
	Human’s Contribution to Nature
		Promotion of Customary Sustainable Practices and Traditional Knowledge
		Innovations in Livelihood Options and Biodiverse Adaptation
			Innovative Techniques in Agriculture
			Joint Cultivation of Crab and Duck
			Community-Based Mangrove Agro Aqua Silvi (CMAAS) Culture
	Modified One Health Approach: A Policy Perspective for Post-2020 Biodiversity Framework
	Conclusions
	References
13 Conclusions: A Post-2020 Biodiversity Takeaway
	References
Index