Sumerian Grammar

Contents
Preface
Abbreviations
CHAPTER ONE: The Sumerian Language
	1.1. General Characteristics
	1.2. The (hopeless) question of the linguistic affiliation of Sumerian
	1.3. The linguistic environment of Sumerian
CHAPTER TWO: How we read Sumerian
	2.1. General
	2.2. Spelling of Sumerian
		2.2.1. Classification of cuneograms
		2.2.2. Combination of cuneograms; spelling proper
		2.2.3. Evolution of Sumerian spelling
CHAPTER THREE: Minimalia of Sumerian phonology and syllabic structure
	3.1. Phonology
		3.1.1. Vowels
		3.1.2. Consonants
	3.2. Syllable structure
CHAPTER FOUR: The \"word\" in Sumerian, parts of speech
	4.1. “Word”
	4.2. Parts of speech
CHAPTER FIVE: Substantives
	5.1. General
	5.2. Possession
	5.3. Number
	5.4. Case
		5.4.1. Notes on the phonetic and spelling behaviour of the case particles
		5.4.2. Notes on the individual case particles
CHAPTER SIX: Adjectives
CHAPTER SEVEN: Determination, specification: demonstrative particles
	7.1. -ne(n)
	7.2. -bi
	7.3. -e(?)
	7.4. -ri(?)
	7.5. -še
	7.6. Recapitulation
CHAPTER EIGHT: Overview of the sequence of particles for possession, number and case
CHAPTER NINE: Pronouns
	9.1. Personal pronouns
	9.2. Possessive pronouns
	9.3. Demonstrative pronouns
		9.3.1. ur[sub(5)]
		9.3.2. ne-e(n)
	9.4. Interrogative pronouns
	9.5. Alleged pronouns
CHAPTER TEN: Numerals
	10.1. General
	10.2. Cardinal numbers
	10.3. Ordinal numbers
	10.4. Fraction and measure terminology
	10.5. Distributional relations of numbers
CHAPTER ELEVEN: Adverbs
CHAPTER TWELVE: The verb
	12.1. Preliminaries
	12.2. hamtu and marû
	12.3. Plural verbs
	12.4. Verbal base hamtu/maru/sg./pl. grids
	12.5. Sorts of plurality (hamtu reduplication)
	12.6. Note on verbal reduplication
	12.7. Conjugation
		12.7.1. Conjugation pattern 1: Intransitive (and passive)
		12.7.2. Conjugation pattern 2a: Transitive
		12.7.3. Conjugation pattern 2b: Transitive
		12.7.4. Prefixless finite verbal forms
		12.7.5. Was Sumerian a language with \"split ergativity\"?
	12.8. Dimensional indicators
		12.8.1: 1–26. Non-ventive indicators
		12.8.2: 27–62. Ventive indicators
		12.8.3. Dimensional indicators without reference to a person?
	12.9. Prefixed indicator [e, i]
	12.10. Prefixed indicator [a(l)]
		12.11–12. Modal and connecting indicators
	12.11. Modal indicators
		12.11.1. Indicative
		12.11.2. Negative indicative
		12.11.3. Cohortative
		12.11.4. Negative cohortative
		12.11.5. Precative
		12.11.6. Vetitive (negative precative)
		12.11.7. Affirmative 1
		12.11.8. Negative affirmative
		12.11.9. Prohibitive
		12.11.10. Affirmative 2
		12.11.11. Affirmative 3
		12.11.12. Frustrative
	12.12. Connecting indicators
		12.12.1. Prospective
		12.12.2. Connecting indicator [inga]
	12.13. Imperative
		12.13.1. Unextended imperative
		12.13.2. Extended imperative
	12.14. Non-finite verbal forms
		12.14.1. B-[Ø], B-B-[Ø]: unextended bases
		12.14.2. B-[a], B-[ed], with or without copula
		12.14.3. B-[ede], B-[eda], B-[ada]
		12.14.4. Conjugated participle or “pronominal conjugation”
	12.15. Compound verbs
		12.15.1. Compound verbs: free formations
		12.15.2. Compound verbs with a verbalizer
		12.15.3. Difficult case: artificial splits?
	12.16. Nominalization of finite verbal forms
		12.16.1. The nominalized phrase is in the absolutive
		12.16.2. The nominalized phrase is in the genitive
		12.16.3. The nominalized phrase is in the locative
		12.16.4. The nominalized phrase is in the ablative
		12.16.5. The nominalized phrase is in the terminative
		12.16.6. The nominalized phrase is in the equative
		12.16.7. Nominalized phrase with a possessive particle
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Post-nominal and/or post-verbal particles other than case particles (5.4)
	13.1 [(e)še]
	13.2. [gešen] ([gišen])
	13.3. [nanna]
	13.4. [šuba]
	13.5. [ri]
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Conjunctions and subjunctions
	14.1. Conjunctions
		14.1.1. [u]
		14.1.2. [ma]
	14.2. Subjunctions
		14.2.1. [uda]
		14.2.2. [tukumbi]
		14.2.3. [ena]
		14.2.4. [mu]
		14.2.5. [iginzu]
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: Exclamations
	15.1. [a]
	15.2. [alala]
	15.3. [alulu]
	15.4. [allili]
	15.5. [aua]
	15.6. [ellu, elala, ilu, ilulamma]
	15.7. [gana]
	15.8. [heam]
	15.9. [inu]
	15.10. [i Utu]
	15.11. [mel(i)ea]
	15.12. [ua]
	15.13. [ulili]
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: Emesal
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: The Sumero-Akkadian linguistic area
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: Summary—and what is still missing?
Bibliography
Index
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	P
	Q
	R
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	T
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	W
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