Sugarcane biorefinery, technology and perspectives

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Sugarcane Biorefinery, Technology and Perspectives
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Sugarcane world scenario
	Introduction
	Historical itinerary of sugarcane
	History of the main products of sugarcane
	World scenario of sugarcane and its main products
		Approximate values for the 2016/17 harvest
		Approximate values for the 2017/18 harvest
		The sugar and ethanol sectors in Africa
		The sugar, ethanol, and energy sectors in Brazil
	Socioeconomic and environmental benefits of using ethanol from sugarcane
	Perspectives
	References
2 By-products of the sugarcane industry
	Introduction
	Sugar and ethanol production process
	Bagasse and straw
	Molasses
	Vinasse
	Filter cake
	Yeasts
	Other by-products of the sugarcane sector
	Chemical potential of sugarcane residues
	Future perspectives for sugarcane biorefinery
	References
	Further Reading
3 Sugarcane: biorefinery, technology, and perspectives
	Introduction
	Sugarcane straw bales ash content
	Water content in sugarcane straw bales
	References
	Further reading
4 Sugarcane: food production, energy, and environment
	Introduction
	Sugarcane: the main agricultural product of Brazil
	Sugarcane: food and energy production
		Food
			Sugar
			Sugarcane liquor (Cachaça)
		Agroenergy
			Ethanol and anhydrous alcohol
			Bioenergy
	Sugarcane in São Paulo State
	Sugarcane and the environment
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
5 Sustainability of sugarcane for energy purposes
	Introduction
	Flex-fuel vehicle technologies and well-to-wheels
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
6 Energy cane breeding
	Introduction
	Sugarcane
		Taxonomy and genetics
		Sugarcane breeding
		Germplasm bank and sugarcane hybridization
		Selection of superior individuals
		Sugar yield gain
		Potential yield of sugarcane
	Energy cane
		Strategies to select energy cane
		Hybridization
		Selection
		Advantages and challenges of energy cane
	References
7 Energy from sugarcane
	Sugarcane: main Brazilian energy crop
	Residues energy from sugar/ethanol mills
		Bagasse
		Straw
		Vinasse
	Main conversion routes for sugarcane bioenergy
		Production of electricity
		Hydrolysis
		Fast pyrolysis
	Energy cane: an opportunity to improve agricultural productivity
	The future markets of sugarcane bioenergy
	Final comments
	References
	Further reading
8 Chemical and energy potential of sugarcane
	Introduction
	Energy potential of sugarcane: technology platforms of energy production based on energy form
		Routes for energy production
			1G and 2G ethanol production
			Bioelectricity from sugarcane bagasse and straw
			Biogas from by-products
			Thermochemical route
				Pyrolysis
				Gasification
				Combustion
		Energy storage applications of sugarcane-derived materials
	Chemical potential of sugarcane
		Technology platforms of chemical production
			Chemicals from carbohydrates
			Chemicals from lignin
		Microbial metabolic pathway and sugarcane-derived products
		Advanced bio-based polymers and derived materials
			Nanomaterials
			Carbon fiber composites
	Conclusion
	References
9 Sugarcane for renewable chemistry
	Introduction
	Sugarcane as a raw material for renewable chemistry
	Perspectives for sugarcane bioproducts
		Chemical routes
		Biochemical routes
		Thermochemical routes
	Challenges involved
	Conclusion
	References
10 Use of sugarcane vinasse to biogas, bioenergy, and biofertilizer production
	Sugarcane crop and bioethanol production in Brazil
	Characterization and chemical composition of sugarcane vinasse
	Alternatives for the use of sugarcane vinasse
		Fertirrigation in natura
		Anaerobic biodigestion
			Biogas composition
			Biogas desulfurization
		Vinasse concentration
			Evaporation
			Concentration of biodigested vinasse
		Other uses
	Perspectives of the vinasse sugarcane use in Brazil
	References
	Further Reading
11 Production of second-generation ethanol from sugarcane
	Structural organization of lignocellulosic biomass
	Recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass
	Production of second-generation ethanol from sugarcane
	Pretreatments
	Types of pretreatments
		Physical pretreatments
		Chemical pretreatments
		Biological pretreatments
		Combined pretreatments
	Hydrolysis
		Acid hydrolysis
		Enzymatic hydrolysis
	Fermentation
		Fermentative microorganisms
		Ways of conducting the fermentative process
			Separate saccharification and fermentation
			Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
		Presaccharification
		Simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation
		Consolidated bioprocess
	Inclusion of second-generation ethanol production annex to standard distillery
	References
	Further reading
12 Biopolymers of sugarcane
	Introduction
	Sugarcane
	Biopolymer
	Sugarcane bagasse
	Cellulose
		Methylcellulose
		Carboxymethylcellulose
		Cellulose acetate
		Hemicelluloses
		Furfural resins
		Phenolic resins
		Lignin
		Sugarcane juice
		Polylactic acid
		Acrylic acid
		Polyhydroxybutyrate
		Green polyethylene
		Xanthan gum
	Perspectives and challenges for the production of biopolymer from sugarcane
	References
	Further reading
13 Bioelectricity of sugarcane: a case study from Brazil and perspectives
	Introduction
	What is bioelectricity?
	The electric matrix and power installed by bioelectricity
		The generation of electricity by the biomass source in general
	São Paulo: responsible for 44% of bioelectricity in 2018
	Productivity in the generation of sugarcane bioelectricity
		The commercialization of bioelectricity
		The system guarantees product quality and offer
		The free energy market and bioelectricity
		The regulated energy market and bioelectricity
		The year 2019 in the regulated market
	One point of attention: the decontracting of bioelectricity in the coming years
		Evolution of investment in bioenergy
	The potential of bioelectricity yet to enjoy
	Expansion of biomass is far from indicated in the 10-year plan in Brazil
	The potential of bioelectricity and the RenovaBio
	An agenda for bioelectricity
		Efforts for regular and growing contracting for bioelectricity and biogas in regulated auctions and strengthening of the hi...
		Equalization of the current judicialization in the financial settlements in the short-term market
		Improvement of the methodology of revision of the physical energy guarantee for biomass/biogas plants
	References
	Further reading
Index
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