Sufi Women of South Asia: Veiled Friends of God (Women and Gender: the Middle East and the Islamic World, 20)

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Figures
Abbreviations
Note on Transliterations
Introduction
Part 1 Sufis, Sufism, and Transformations
Chapter 1 Setting the Scene
	1.1	Evolution of the Muslim Community in South Asia
	1.2	Arrival of Sufi Men in South Asia
	1.3	Arrival of Sufi Women in South Asia
	1.4	What Is Sufism?
Chapter 2 The Sufi Texts: From Imagination to the Inscribed Word
	2.1	The Genre of Hagiography
	2.2	From the Spoken to the Written Word
	2.3	The Sufi Malfūzāt
	2.4	The Sufi Ṭabaqāt
	2.5	The Spurious Malfūzāt
	2.6	Writing Biographies of Sufi Women
	2.7	Women in the Biographical Compendiums Written outside South Asia
	2.8	Women in the Sufi Sources and Biographical Compendiums of South Asia
		2.8.1	Kashfu’l Mahjūb and the Portrayal of Women
		2.8.2	South Asian Malfūzāt and Tazkirāt and Sufi Women
		2.8.3	Ḥaẓrat Amīr Khusraw: Poetic Imagery or a Patriarchal Frame
	2.9	Shrines: A Source for the Study of Sufi Women
Chapter 3
The Sufi Gaze: Perception of Women by Male Sufis
	3.1	Women as Chaos (Fitna)
	3.2	Women as Deficient in Reasoning
	3.3	Women as Personifying the Evil World
Chapter 4
The Sufi Gaze: Sufi Perception of Family
	4.1	Women as Mothers, Sisters, and Daughters
	4.2	Women as Wives
	4.3	Marital Life and Sex
	4.4	Perception of Women by Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Sufis
	4.5	Attitude towards Children
	4.6	The Caring Sufis
Chapter 5
The Sufi Gaze: Interaction with Maidservants and Women of Ill Repute
	5.1	Kanīz/kanīzak: Slave Girls and Maidservants
	5.2	Women of Ill Repute
Chapter 6
Women’s Presence in Sufi Silsilas
	6.1	Women’s Initiation (Baiʿat)
	6.2	Arguments against Women’s Presence in the Sufi Silsilas
	6.3	Women as Sufis (Awliyāʾ Allāh)
	6.4	Women as Khalīfas
Chapter 7
Sufi Lodges: Fencing the Sacred and the Profane
	7.1	The Khānqāh
	7.2	Khānqāhs in South Asia
	7.3	Women’s Khānqāhs
	7.4	Women’s Presence in Sufi Lodges
Chapter 8
Sufi Shrines: Manifesting the Deceased Sufi
	8.1	Shrine Visitation by Women
	8.2	Shrines as Spaces for Women’s Expression of Spirituality
	8.3	Denouncement of Women’s Shrine Visitation
	8.4	Barricading Women: Veiling and Segregation
Part 2 Biographies of Sufi Women
Chapter 9
Biographical Notices of Sufi Women by Time Period
	9.1	Sufi Women of the Tenth Century
	9.2	Sufi Women of the Twelfth Century
	9.3	Sufi Women of the Thirteenth Century
	9.4	Sufi Women of the Fourteenth Century
	9.5	Sufi Women of the Fifteenth Century
	9.6	Sufi Women of the Sixteenth Century
	9.7	Sufi Women of the Seventeenth Century
	9.8	Sufi Women of the Eighteenth Century
	9.9	Sufi Women of the Nineteenth Century
	9.10	Sufi Women of the Twentieth Century
	9.11	Sufi Women of Unknown Time Period
Chapter 10
Biographical Notices of Sufi Women according to Their Specific Status
	10.1	Sufi Women Khalīfas
	10.2	Sufi Women’s Spiritual Sessions for Women Only
	10.3	Women as Disciples of Their Fathers/Husbands/Sons/Brothers
	10.4	Sufi Women: Mothers of Sufi Men/Women
	10.5	Sufi Women Recognised as Murshid by Their Husbands
	10.6	Sufi Women Who Chose Not to Marry
	10.7	Sufi Women Who Managed the Male Shrines
	10.8	The Majzūb (Intoxicated) Sufi Women
	10.9	Sufi Girl-Children
	10.10	Sufi Women’s Khānqāh
	10.11	Sufi Women Who Preferred Death to a Life of Dishonour
		10.11.1	Observations of My Visit to the Shrine of Bībīāṅ Pākdāmnāṅ
	10.12	A Sufi Woman Who Wrote a Book of Instructions for the Sufis
	10.13	A Sufi Woman Who Wrote Sufi Biographies and about Her Own Spiritual Journey
	10.14	A Sufi Woman Who Led an Agitation and Revoked Her Baiʿat
Chapter 11
Biographical Notices of Women Sufis Based on Oral Traditions Collected by Visiting Their Shrines
	11.1	Karachi
		11.1.1	Female Shrines within the Dargāh of Haẓrat Mirāṅ Saiyyid ʿAlī Datār
		11.1.2	Healing Rituals at the Shrines
		11.1.3	Legends about Mirāṅ Pīr
		11.1.4	Māʾī Mirāṅ: Infertility Healer
		11.1.5	ʿUrs Celebrations
		11.1.6	Shrine: Space for Women’s Bonding
		11.1.7	Shrine’s Management
	11.2	Lahore
	11.3	Multan
Chapter 12
Sufi Women Identified by Name Only
	12.1	Balochistan’s Forgotten Women Saints
	12.2	Sufi Women of Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Whose Narratives Are Lost
	12.3	Women Sufis of Bengal and Bihar with Scanty Information
	12.4	Women Sufis of Bijapur Whose Names Only Are Known
	12.5	Women Sufis (Ḥaẓrāt ʿaurāt ʿārifā) Mentioned in a Hagiographical Work by Shāh Muḥammad Ḥasan Ṣābirī-Chishtī Rampuri. 1311/1893. Tawārīkh āʾīna-yi taṣawwuf. Rampur: Ḥasani Press
		12.5.1	Women Appointed as Khalīfas
		12.5.2	Women Sufis (Ḥaẓrāt ʿaurāt ʿārifā)
		12.5.3	Dar Zikr-i majāzīb (Plural of majzūb) (An Account of the Intoxicated Ones), pp. 349–386
Conclusions
Glossary
Bibliography
Index