Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Foreword
Prologue
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
Concept and Epidemiology of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
	Concept
	Epidemiology
	National ISSNHL Register
	Risk Factors for Developing ISSNHL
	Association of ISSNHL with Other Conditions
	Conclusions
	References
Aetiology of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Autoimmune Hypothesis
	Concept
	Major Histocompatibility Complex and ISSNHL
	Clinical Diagnosis of Immune-Mediated Hearing Loss
		Autoantibodies
	Immunophenotyping of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
	Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
	Diagnostic Criteria for Immune-Mediated Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
	Treatment of Immune-Mediated Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
	Follow-Up
	Other Treatments
	References
Aetiology of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Vascular, Viral or due to Perilymphatic Fistula
	Introduction
	Vascular Aetiology
	Infectious Aetiology
		Viral Infection
		Other Infectious Agents
		ISSNHL and COVID-19
	Traumatic Aetiology: Disruption of Membranes
	Conclusions
	References
Diagnostic Assessment and Complementary Tests in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
	Concept
	Role of the Patient and Telemedicine in the Diagnosis of SSNHL
	Role of GPS and A&E Doctors in the Diagnosis of SSNHL
	Role of Specialised Care in the Diagnosis of SSNHL
	Complementary Tests in the Diagnosis of SSNHL
		Laboratory Tests
		Diagnostic Radiology
		Other Audiological Tests
		Other Vestibular Tests
	Conclusions
	References
MRI in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
	Introduction
	Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Asymmetric Sensorineural Hearing Loss
	Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Complementary Test of Choice for SSNHL
	MRI Findings for SSNHL
	MRI Cochlear Findings in Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (ISSNHL)
	Conclusions
	References
Prognostic Factors and Recovery Criteria in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
	Introduction
	Severity of Hearing Loss
	Prognostic Factors in ISSNHL
	Bilateral Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
	Sudden Single-Sided Hearing Loss
	Current Recovery Criteria
	Long-Term Outcomes: Relapses
	Another Outcome Measure in ISSNHL: Improvement in Quality of Life
	Conclusions
	References
Treatment of Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss with Systemic Corticosteroids
	Introduction
	Oral Corticosteroids in ISSNHL
	Guidelines for the Administration of Oral Corticosteroids in ISSNHL
	High-Dose Systemic Corticosteroids (Pulses) in ISSNHL
	Oral Corticosteroids as Adjunctive Therapy in ISSNHL
		Ginkgo Biloba Extract
		N-Acetylcysteine
	Side Effects of Systemic Corticosteroids in ISSNHL
	Conclusions
	References
Treatment of Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss with Intratympanic Corticosteroids
	Introduction
	Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of Action of Corticosteroids
	Pharmacokinetics: Intratympanic Route into the Inner Ear
	Intratympanic Corticosteroid Administration: Recommended Method
	Posology of Intratympanic Corticosteroids
	Results After Intratympanic Corticosteroids in ISSNHL
		ITC in ISSNHL as Salvage Treatment After Failure of Systemic Treatment (Salvage ITC)
			Indications of Salvage ITC
			Results of Salvage ITC
			Salvage with ITC Versus Other Salvages
		ITC as Single Primary Treatment (Single ITC)
			Indications of ITC as Single Primary Treatment
			Results of ITC as Single Primary Treatment
		ITC as Combination Treatment (ITC + SCS)
			Indications
			Results
	Complications of Intratympanic Infiltration
	Conclusions
	References
Treatment of Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss with Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
	Introduction
	Rationale for HBOT Treatment for ISSNHL
	Indications of HBOT Treatment for ISSNHL
	Importance of Delayed Initiation of HBOT Treatment
	Complications of HBOT Treatment
	Advantages and Disadvantages of HBOT Treatment for ISSNHL
	Conclusions
	References
Single-Sided Deafness (SSD) Hearing Aids: Airway Hearing Aids, Bone Conduction Hearing Aids and Cochlear Implant Electrical Stimulation
	Introduction
	Characteristics of Monaural Hearing
		Treatment of Single-Sided Deafness (SSD)
	Hearing Aids for SSD
		Types of Hearing Aids for the Treatment of SSD
			Bone Hearing Aids for SSD
			Bone Conduction Hearing Implants
		Indications for Hearing Aids in SSD
		Assessment of the Candidate for a Hearing Aid for SSD
			Candidate
			Audiological Assessment
			Patient Perception, Communication Needs and Selection of Treatment Goals
			Trial Period
		Results of Hearing Aids for SSD
	Cochlear Implants for SSD
		Usefulness of Cochlear Implants for SSD
		Results of CI for SSD
		Experience at Valencia University Hospital with CI for SSD
	Conclusions
	References
Future Perspectives in Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
	Introduction
	New Drugs for the Inner Ear
	Improvements in Pharmacokinetics of the Inner Ear
	Cochlear Regeneration and Gene Therapy
	Conclusions
	References