Substance and Non-Substance Related Addictions: A Global Approach

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Comorbid and Age Related Drug Use
	1: Drug Use and Mental Health: Comorbidity between Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders
		Introduction
		Epidemiology: Prevalence of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorder Comorbidity
			Comorbidity of Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and Anxiety Disorders
			Comorbidity of SUD and Mood Disorders
			Comorbidity of SUD and Schizophrenia
			Comorbidity of SUD and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
			Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Dual Diagnosis
		Neurobiology of Comorbid Substance Use Disorders and Psychiatric Disorders
		Diagnostic Considerations and Therapeutic Approaches
		Treatment Course: Prognostic Implications
		Conclusion
		References
	2: ADHD and Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorders
		Epidemiology, Comorbidity, and Risk
			Outcomes
		Co-Occurring ADHD and SUD
			Neural Correlates and Genetics
			Diagnostic Considerations for ADHD
		Assessment and Diagnosis of Comorbid ADHD and SUD
		Treatment Options for ADHD and Co-Occurring SUD
			Stimulant Medications
			Non-Stimulant Medications
		Pharmacotherapy in Co-occurring ADHD and SUD
			Psychosocial Interventions for ADHD and SUD
		Conclusion
		References
	3: Substance Use in Older Adults
		Introduction
		Alcohol Use
		Diagnosis
		Screening
			The CAGE
			The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)
			The Michigan Alcohol Screening Test-Geriatric
		Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test-Geriatric [22]
			The Comorbidity-Alcohol Risk Evaluation Tool [23, 24]
		Treatment in the Elderly
			Non-pharmacological
		Pharmacological Treatment
		Tobacco Use Disorder
		Illicit Drug Use
		Prescriptions Drug Misuse
		Special Populations
		Conclusion
		References
			Recommended Reading
	4: Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse Disorders
		Background
		Etiology and Availability
		Gender and Ethnic Factors
		Familial and Environmental Factors
		Comorbid Disorders
			Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
			Conduct Disorder
			Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
			Anxiety Disorders
			Depressive Disorders
		Neurobiological Developmental Change
			Developmental Consequences of Alcohol and Marijuana
		Substances of Abuse
			The Gateway Drug Theory
			Marijuana
			Nicotine – Tobacco and Vaping
		Diagnosis and Treatment
			Laboratory Screening Methods
			Urine Drug Screen
			Serum Analysis
			Drug Screening Using Hair, Saliva, and Sweat
			Evidence-Based Treatments for Adolescent Substance Use
			Psychosocial Interventions
				Motivational Interviewing
				Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
				Multidimensional Family Therapy
				Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (ACRA)
			Pharmacotherapy
		References
Part II: Nonsubstance Addictions
	5: Compulsive Sexual Behavior
		Introduction
		Epidemiology
			Evolution of Epidemiological Characterization
				Hypersexual Disorder in the DSM-5
				Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in the ICD-11
			Prevalence and Primary Regional Diagnosis Around the World
				United States
					Prevalence and Sociodemographics
					Family History
					Comorbidity
					Differential Diagnosis
				Outside of the United States
					Prevalence and Sociodemographics
					Comorbidity
					Differential Diagnosis
					Resource Poor Settings
		Treatment Around the World
			General Concepts
			Work-Up for CSBs
			Treatment of Compulsive Sexual Behaviors
				Pharmacologic Treatment – Psychotropic Medications
				Pharmacologic Treatment – Hormonal Therapies
				Non-Pharmacologic Treatment – Psychological Interventions
				Non-Pharmacologic Treatments – Surgical Interventions
			Variations in Treatment Around the World
				Europe
				North America
				South America
				Africa
				Asia
				Oceania
			Treatment Protocol
		Prognosis
		Conclusions and Future Directions
		Bibliography
	6: Food Addiction
		Introduction
		Epidemiology
		Neurobiology of Food Addiction
		Animal Models and Human Clinical Studies
		Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
		Management of Food Addiction
		Psychotherapy Management
		Pharmacotherapy
		References
	7: Internet Addiction
		Introduction
		Classification
		Diagnostic Considerations
		Differential Diagnosis
		Epidemiology
		Etiology
		Treatment (Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy)
		Neurobiology of Behavioral Addictions
		Smartphones and Social Media, Pornography, Gambling, and Gaming
			Social Media and Smartphones
			Online Gambling
			Internet Gaming
			Problematic Online Pornography Use
		Conclusions
		References
	8: Gambling Disorder
		Introduction
		Similarity Between Substance Use and Behavioral Disorders [47, 48]
			Pharmacotherapy
		Behavioral Treatments
		Conclusion
		References
Part III: Mechanisms, Race and Gender
	9: Neurobiological Process of Addiction
		Overview in Addiction-Related Brain Regions
		Neurotransmitter Involved in Addiction
		Reward Pathway in Addiction: Concept and Physiology
		Substances and Respective Proposed Neurobiological Pathway
		Tolerance and Withdrawal: Concept and Physiology
		The Development of Addiction
		References
	10: The Genetics of Substance Abuse
		Introduction
		Gene Structure and Expression in Humans
		Inheritance of Addictions
		Candidate Gene Search
		Pavlovian-Conditioned Learning and Place Preference
		Genome-Wide Association Studies
		Rare and Common Variants
		Summary
		References
	11: Drug Abuse and Race
		Introduction
			Racial/Ethnic Differences [5]
		Review of Data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health 2018
		Conclusions and Future Directions
		References
	12: Women and Substance Use Disorders
		Introduction
			Substance Use in Women
			Alcohol Use Disorder
			Tobacco Use Disorder
			Opioid Use Disorder
			Cocaine Use Disorder
			Cannabis Use Disorder
		Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Key Drugs of Abuse
	13: Cannabinoids: The Case for Legal Regulation That Permits Recreational Adult Use
		Introduction
			Medical Marijuana
			Adult Recreational Cannabis Use
			Synthetic Cannabinoids
			Recreational Appeal of Synthetic Cannabinoids
			Little Is Known About the Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Humans
			Unintended Consequences of Prohibition
			Incorporating Evidence Into Policy and Practice
		References
	14: Cocaine
		A Brief History of Cocaine
		Current Global Impact of Cocaine
		Epidemiology of Cocaine Use
		Pharmacology
		Diagnosis
		Screening for Cocaine Use Disorder
		Toxicology Testing for Cocaine
		Treatment of Cocaine Use Disorder
		Pharmacotherapy of Cocaine Use Disorder
		Psychotherapy/Psychosocial Treatments for Cocaine Use Disorder
		Conclusions
		Future Directions
		References
	15: Opioids
		Introduction
		Prescription Opioids and Heroin
		Short-Term Effects
		Long-Term Effects
		Injection Drug Use, HIV, and Hepatitis
		Other Potential Effects
		Treatment
			Overdose Treatment
			Withdrawal and Chronic Treatment
		Conclusion
		References
	16: Designer Drugs
		Synthetic Cannabinoids
			History of SCBs
			Classification
			Mechanism of Action
			Metabolism of SCBs
			Detection of SCBs
			Adverse Effects and Treatment
		Synthetic Stimulants
			History
			Mechanism of Action
			Metabolism of Synthetic Cathinones
			Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
			Adverse Effects and Treatments
		Synthetic Hallucinogens
			History
			Mechanism of Action
			Detection and Screening
			Adverse Effects and Management
		Synthetic Opioids
			History
			Pharmacological Properties
			Acute and Adverse Effects
			Detection and Screening
			Management
		References
	17: Prescription Drugs
		Introduction
		Terminology
		Epidemiology
		Prescription Opioid Abuse
		Prescription CNS Depressants Abuse
		Prescription Stimulant Abuse
		Differences with Nonprescription Drug Abuse
		Comorbidity
		Treatment
		Risk Factors
		Prevention
		References
Part V: Special Issues in Substance Use
	18: Drug Policy
		Introduction
		International Drug Control
		Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 as Amended by the 1972 Protocol
		Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971
		United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988
		International Schedules of Narcotic Drugs
		Conclusion
		References
	19: Global Drug Use
		Introduction
		Cannabis Trends
		Cocaine
		Health Consequences of Cocaine
		Marijuana
		Opioids
		Health Consequence
		Conclusion
		References
	20: Drug Abuse and Education
		Introduction
		Background
		Medical Learner’s Curriculum
		Resident’s Exposure to Addiction
		Fellows’ Exposure to Addiction
		Practicing Physician’s Ability to Continue Education in Addiction
		Potential Improvements in the Establishment of Medical Education
		References
	21: Drug Abuse and Pain
		Conclusion
		Bibliography
Index