Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Neurological Care and Protection

Preface
Contents
Vasospasm: A Personal Odyssey
	History of Vasospasm
	B.K.A. Weir; Selected Bibliography: Aneurysms and Vasospasm
		Clinical Studies
			Prognostic Factors and Outcome
				Grade and Vasospasm
				Cigarette Addiction
				Outcome
			Time Course of Vasospasm
			Management Mortality and Timing of Surgery
			Perioperative Care
			Blood Flow and Angiographic Studies
			Sequelae of Hemorrhage
				Edema
				Cerebral Infarction
				Hematologic and Metabolic
				Hydrocephalus
			Types of Hemorrhage
				Subarachnoid
				Intracerebral
				Intraventricular
				Subdural
			Prospective Human Drug Trials
				Nimodipine
				Nicardipine
				Tirilazad
				Tissue Plasminogen Activator
			Unruptured Aneurysms
		Experimental Studies
			In Vitro Pharmacological and Genetic Studies
			In Vitro Physiological Studies
			Animal Models
				Liquid Blood Injections
				Chronic Clot Application to Arteries
				Drug Trials in Animals
				Anatomical Observations
		General
	Musings from an Old World of Thought
History of Vasospasm Research in Japan: Commemoration of Professor Tomio Ohta
	Dawn
	Sunrise and Sunset
Heparin Treatment in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Review of Human Studies
	Introduction
	Heparin and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
	Complications of Heparin
	Conclusion
	References
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Related Epilepsy
	Introduction
	The Epileptic Focus
	Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Related Epilepsy
	AED Prophylaxis
	Conclusion
	References
Part I: Basic Science Section
	Cell Culture Model to Study Cerebral Aneurysm Biology
		Introduction
		Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
		In Vitro VSMC Culture Model to Study CA Biology
		Conclusions
		References
	Rat Model of Intracranial Aneurysm: Variations, Usefulness, and Limitations of the Hashimoto Model
		Introduction
		Animal Model of IAs
		Special Insight in Some Modifiable Factors
			BAPN
			Strains
			Ligation of Pterygopalatine Artery
		Limitations
		References
	Possible Involvement of Caspase-Independent Pathway in Neuronal Death After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			SAH Modeling and Study Protocol
			SAH Grade
			Neurological Score
			Histology
			Cell Counting
			Statistics
		Results
			Cleaved Caspase-3-Positive Neurons Appeared 24 h After SAH
			Both Caspase-3-Related and Caspase-3-Unrelated Dying Neurons Were Observed After SAH
		Discussion
		References
	Nox2 and Nox4 Participate in ROS-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis and Brain Injury During Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Ethical Approval
			Establishing the MCAO Model in Rats
			Experimental Group and Drug Administration
			Assay of ROS
			TTC Staining
			Ischemic Penumbra Dissection
			Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase dUTP Nick End-Labeling (TUNEL) Staining and Fluoro-Jade B Staining
			Western Blot Analysis
			Statistical Analysis
		Results
			General Observation
			Nox2 Inhibitor (gp91ds-tat) and Nox4 Inhibitor (GKT137831) Treatments Reduce ROS Levels in Brain Tissues of Rats After MCAO
			gp91ds-tat and GKT137831 Treatments Reduce Cerebral Infarction Area at 24 h After Reperfusion in MCAO Rats
			gp91ds-tat and GKT137831 Treatments Decrease the Rate of Neuronal Apoptosis in Penumbra of Brain Tissues in Rats at 24 h After Reperfusion After MCAO
			gp91ds-tat and GKT137831 Treatments Reduce Neurodegeneration in Penumbra of Brain Tissues in Rats After MCAO
			gp91ds-tat and GKT137831 Treatments Protect the BBB Integrity at 24 h After Reperfusion in Rats After MCAO
		Discussion
		References
	Link Between Receptors That Engage in Developing Vasospasm After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			SAH Modeling and Study Protocol
			Intraventricular Injection
			SAH Grade
			Neurological Score
			Histology
		Results
			Increased Expressions of TNC and TLR4 Were Observed in Spastic Cerebral Arteries After SAH
			Administration of EGFR Inhibitor Suppressed Expression of TNC and TLR4 in Cerebral Arteries
		Discussion
		References
	Aquaporin4 Knockout Aggravates Early Brain Injury Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Through Impairment of the Glymphatic System in Rat Brain
		Introduction
		Methods
			SAH Model
			Brain Water Content
			Neurological Functions
			Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Examination
			Immunohistochemistry Staining
			Statistical Evaluation
		Results
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	The Role of Galectin-3 in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Preliminary Study
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Clinical Measurements of Plasma Galectin-3 Levels in SAH Patients
			Experimental Study as to the Role of Galectin-3 in SAH
			Statistical Analysis
		Results
			High Concentrations of Plasma Galectin-3 Associated with Poor Outcome in SAH Patients
			Inhibition of Galectin-3 Ameliorates Brain Edema in Experimental SAH Mice
		Discussion
		References
	17-Allylamino-Demethoxygeldanamycin Ameliorate Microthrombosis Via HSP90/RIP3/NLRP3 Pathway After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats
		Introduction
		Methods and Materials
			Animals and SAH Model
			Experiment Design
			Measurement of SAH Grade
			Assessment of Neurological Function
			Western Blot Analysis
			Immunohistochemistry
			Immunofluorescence
			Quantification and Statistical Analysis
		Results
			General Observation and SAH Severity and Localization of SAH
			Time Course of HSP90 Detected in the Left Hemisphere and Microthrombosis in the Cerebellum Following SAH
			HSP90 Inhibitor 17-AAG Treatment Reduces RIP3 and NLRP3 Inflammasome, Ameliorates Microthrombosis, and Improves Short-Term Neurobehavior
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	TAK-242, Toll-Like Receptor 4 Antagonist, Attenuates Brain Edema in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Mice
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
		Results
		Discussion
		References
	Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Pattern Predicts Acute Cerebral Blood Flow Response in the Rat
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Animals and Surgical Preparation
			Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Recording
			Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection
			Analysis
		Results
			Cerebral Blood Flow
			Cerebrospinal Fluid
			Cortical Spreading Depolarization
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Tenascin-C Signaling in Cerebral Vasospasm and Brain Injuries After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
		Introduction
		Possible TLR4-TNC Signaling After SAH (Fig. 1)
		Possible Role of TLR4 Signaling in EBI, Cerebral Vasospasm, and DCI After SAH
		Possible Role of TNC Signaling in EBI, Cerebral Vasospasm, and DCI After SAH
		Receptors that Mediate TNC’s Effect
		Interactions with Other Molecules and Receptors
		Perspective
		References
	Spreading Depolarization during the Acute Stage of Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Experimental Animals and Monitoring
			Induction of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
			Assessment of Brain Water Content
			IOS Acquisition
			Data Analysis
			Statistical Analysis
		Results
			Physiological Parameters
			Observation of SD
			Spatiotemporal Patterns of SD
				Originating Sites
				Initiation and Propagation Patterns
			Effect of Ketamine on SD
			Brain Water Content
		Discussion
		References
	The PERK Pathway Plays a Neuroprotective Role During the Early Phase of Secondary Brain Injury Induced by Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Animals
			ICH Model
			Experimental Design
			Antibody Characterization and Drugs
			Drug Administration
			Intracerebroventricular Injection
			Establishment of the In Vitro ICH Model and Cell Treatment
			Neurological Scoring
			Brain Edema
			Cell Viability
			LDH Assay
			Western Blot Analysis
			Immunofluorescence Microscopy
			TUNEL Staining
			FJB Staining
			Statistical Analysis
		Results
			Elevation of p-eIF2α and ATF4 Levels in Brain Tissues After ICH
			PERK Pathway Activation Ameliorated Neurological Behavior Impairment and Brain Edema in the Early Phase of ICH
			PERK Pathway Activation Inhibited Neuronal Apoptosis and Necrosis Induced by ICH at 12 h In Vivo
			PERK Pathway Activation Promoted Neuronal Survival at 12 h After ICH In Vitro
			PERK Pathway Activation Reduced Neuronal Apoptosis at 12 h After ICH In Vitro
		Discussion
		References
	The Time Course of Cognitive Deficits in Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Endovascular Perforated SAH Model
			Mouse Motor and Sensory Scale (mMSS)
			Morris Water Maze Test
			Object Recognition Test
			Statistic
		Results
			SAH Model Establishment
			The Time-Course of Neurological Deficits After SAH
				Sensorimotor Deficits
				Learning Disability and Long-Term Memory Dysfunction
				Short-Term Memory Dysfunction
		Discussion
		References
	Endovascular Ultraviolet Laser-Facilitated Reversal of Vasospasm Induced by Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Canines
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			General Outline
			Endovascular Laser Irradiation via the Optical Fiber/Microcatheter System
			Experimental Protocol
			Days 1 and 3 (SAH1 and SAH2)
			Day 4
			Day 5
			Angiographic Diameter Measurements
		Results
			BA Spasm and Its Subsequent Reversal by Endovascular UV Laser Irradiation
			Effect of UV Treatment on Blood Pressure
			Histology
		Discussion
			Limitations
			Future Research
		Conclusions
		References
Part II: Clinical Science Section
	Role of Bedside Multimodality Monitoring in the Detection of Cerebral Vasospasm Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
		Introduction
		Methods
		Results
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	Development of a Delayed Cerebral Infarction Load Scoring System (DCI Score)
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Verbal Memory Domain
			Visuospatial Skill and Memory Domain
			Attention and Working Memory Domain
			Executive Function and Psychomotor Speed Domain
			Language Domain
			Statistical Analyses
		Results
		Discussion
		Conclusions
		References
	Changes on Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation Are Associated with Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
		Results
		Discussion
		Conclusions
		References
	Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound, Perfusion Computerized Tomography, and Cerebral Angiography Identify Different Pathological Entities and Supplement Each Other in the Diagnosis of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia
		Introduction
		Material and Methods
			Patient Population
			Definitions
			Statistical Analysis
		Results
			Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography
			Perfusion Computer Tomography
			Correlation of CTP, TCD, and Angiography
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	Role of Computational Fluid Dynamics for Predicting Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Study Protocol for a Multicenter Prospective Study
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Participants
			Patient Management
			CFD Analysis
			Outcome Measures
			Sample Size
			Statistical Analysis
		Discussion
		Study Status
		References
	Thromboelastometry as a Comprehensive Assessment of Hypercoagulation After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Case Report and Literature Review
		Introduction
		Case Report
		Literature Review
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	The Treatment of a Ruptured Anterior Communicating Artery (ACoA) Aneurysm with Coiling and Flow Disruptor (WEB-Device) and Management of Symptomatic Post-Interventional Delayed Vasospasm: A Case Report
		Introduction
		Case
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	Treating Patients with Frontal Neurocognitive Deficits After SAH and Stroke
		Neuropsychological Treatment of Frontal Brain Impairment
		References
	Intra-arterial Administration of Verapamil for the Prevention and Treatment of Cerebral Angiospasm
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
		Results
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	Cerebral Arterial Compliance in Polytraumazed Patients with Cerebral Vasospasm
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Dynamic Helical Computed Tomography Angiography
			Statistical Analysis
		Results
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	The Сerebrovascular Time Constant in Patients with Head Injury and Posttraumatic Cerebral Vasospasm
		Introduction
		Materials and Methods
			Perfusion Computed Tomography
			Statistical Analysis
		Results
		Discussion
			Limitation of the Study
		Conclusion
		References
	Current Open Surgical Indications for Revascularization in Cerebral Ischemia
		Introduction
		Functional Neuroimaging for Chronic Cerebral Ischemic Disease
		Moyamoya Disease
		Unilateral or Bilateral Carotid Steno-Occlusive Disease
		Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency
		Conclusions
		References
	The Role of Transcranial Doppler in Cerebral Vasospasm: A Literature Review
		Introduction
		Principles of Transcranial Doppler (TCD)
		Technique
		Diagnostic Criteria for Transcranial Doppler Evidence of Cerebral Vasospasm
			The Use of TCD in Predicting MCA Vasospasm
			The Use of TCD in Predicting BA Vasospasm
		TCD in Practice
		Limitations of the TCD
		Conclusion
		References
Author Index
Subject Index