Studies of Bactrian Legal Documents

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Historical Timeline
Maps
Introduction
	1	Geography of Bactria
	2	Administrative Languages in Bactria
	3	Legal Formulary in Bactria: Language
	4	Methodological Approach
	5	Discovery of Documents
	6	Typology of the Sources
	7	The List of the Contracts and the Receipts
	8	The Classification of Bactrian Deeds
	9	The Structure of the Bactrian Deed of Conveyance
	10	The Opening Section
		10.1	Date
		10.2	Title
		10.3	Location
		10.4	Authorities and Witnesses
		10.5	Operative Section
	11	Declaration and Introduction of Parties
		11.1	Volition Term
		11.2	Cause of Agreement
		11.3	Property Description
		11.4	Sale Price
	12	Acknowledgment of Receipt and Satisfaction Clause
	13	Investiture Clause and Final Clauses
		13.1	Entitlement Phrase
		13.2	Contingency Clauses
		13.3	No-Contest Clause
		13.4	Warranty Clause
		13.5	Penalty
		13.6	Validity Clause
	14	Seals and Signature
	15	Settlements
	16	Manumission
	17	Marriage Contract
	18	Other Corpora
	19	Akkadian and Ugaritic Corpora
	20	Aramaic Corpora in the Achaemenid Period
		20.1	Elephantine
		20.2	Wadi al-Daliyah
	21	Aramaic, Hebrew, and Syriac Corpora from the Hellenistic and Roman Periods
		21.1	Documents from the Judean Desert
	22	Syriac Sources
		22.1	Syriac Documents
		22.2	Syriac Juridical Literature
	23	Aramaic Inscriptions
		23.1	Nabataean Tomb Inscriptions
		23.2	Palmyrene Inscriptions
	24	Greek Corpora
		24.1	Avroman
		24.2	Dura-Europos and Euphrates
			24.2.1	Dura-Europos
			24.2.2	Euphrates
		24.3	Egypt
	25	The Iranian World
		25.1	Pahlavi Deeds
		25.2	Mādayān ī Hazār Dādestān
		25.3	Sogdian Deeds
		25.4	Khotanese Documents
	26	Arabic, Persian, and Old Uyghur Deeds
	27	Rabbinical Works
	28	Magic Bowls
Chapter 1 The Format and Opening Section
	1	Form of the Documents
		1.1	Simple Documents
		1.2	Duplicate Copies
	2	Historical Background of Duplicate Copies
	3	Double Copies (Doppelurkunde)
	4	Origin of the Double Document
	5	Opening Clause
		5.1	Outer and Inner Elements
		5.2	Date (Year, Month, and Day)
	6	Historical Background
	7	Title
	8	Location
	9	Historical Background
	10	Authorities and Witnesses
	11	Characteristics of Witnesses
		11.1	Freemen
	12	Number of Witnesses
		12.1	Mass Witnesses
		12.2	Authorities
		12.3	Administrative Staff
	13	Historical Background
		13.1	Temple Stuff: Divine Witness
	14	Historical Backgrounds
	15	Differences
	16	The Witnesses in the First Lines
	17	The Sealing and Signature in Double and Single Documents
	18	Authorities’ Seals
		18.1	Parties
	19	Historical Backgrounds
		19.1	Witnesses
		19.2	Fingernail
	20	Scribe
Chapter 2 Operative Section
	1	Operative Section
	2	Subjective Style
	3	Historical Background
	4	Style in the Aramaic Tradition
	5	Style in the Iranian Languages
	6	Homologia and Non-Homologia
		6.1	Homologia
		6.2	Non-Homologia
	7	The λαδο οδο παραλαδο Pattern (Aramaic pattern (?זבן ויהב
	8	Perspective
		8.1	Ex latere venditoris
	9	Linguistic and Grammatical notes
		9.1	Timeline
		9.2	Ergativity
		9.3	Figurae per adiectionem
	10	Parties
	11	Historical Background
	12	Volition Clause
	13	Historical Background
	14	The Cause Clause
	15	Description of the Property
	16	Historical Background
		16.1	Description of the Boundary and the Estate
	17	Size of the Property
	18	Clausula Salvatoria
		18.1	Historical background
	19	Payment Clause
	20	Full Price
	21	Historical Background
	22	Satisfaction Term
	23	Historical Background and Function of the Satisfaction Term
Chapter 3 The Investiture and Final Clauses
	1	Investiture Clause in Sale Deeds
	2	Perpetuity Language/Phrase
	3	Historical Background of Perpetuity Language/Phrase
	4	Opening Declaration: The Phrase (Pādixšāy)
	5	Origin of the Phrase Pādixšāy
	6	History of the Entitlement Phrase and the Word שליט
	7	The Phrase שליט in Negative Form
	8	The Delineation of Rights
	9	In Iranian Languages
	10	Heritability Phrase
	11	History of the Heritability Phrase
	12	Contingency or Final Clauses
	13	No-Contest (Withdrawal) and Warranty Clauses
	14	Warranty Clause
	15	The Protasis
	16	The Apodosis
	17	Eviction Clause
	18	Penal Provision (Duplum and Fiskalmult)
	19	Duplum
	20	Duplum in History
	21	Fiskalmult
	22	Clausula Salvatoria and Validity Clause
	23	Validity Clause
Conclusion
Appendix
Bibliography
Index of Legal Terms and Related Terminology