Structural modified food fats : synthesis, biochemistry, and use

Structural Modified Food Fats: Synthesis, Biochemistry, and Use......Page 1
Preface......Page 4
Table of Contents......Page 5
Introduction......Page 7
Types of Interesterification......Page 8
Chemical Interesterification Process......Page 9
Applications......Page 12
Fractional Crystallization......Page 14
Fractionation Technology......Page 17
Vegetable Oils......Page 19
Hydrogenation Process......Page 20
References......Page 23
Introduction......Page 26
Types of Lipases......Page 27
Reaction Types......Page 28
Reaction Parameters......Page 31
Enzyme Immobilization......Page 34
Scale-Up of Enzymatic Reaction......Page 36
Comparison between Chemical and Enzymatic Interesterification......Page 39
Enzymatic Randomization of Stereospecific Triglycerides......Page 40
Production of Cocoa Butter Equivalents......Page 42
Incorporation of omega-3 Fatty Acids into Vegetable and Marine Oils......Page 44
Production of Low-Calorie Structured Lipids......Page 46
Conclusions......Page 47
References......Page 48
Introduction......Page 52
Short-Chain Fatty Acids......Page 54
Medium-Chain Fatty Acids......Page 55
Omega-3 Fatty Acids......Page 56
Digestion of Structured Lipids......Page 59
Mode of Action of Lipases......Page 60
Lipases in Organic Solvents......Page 61
Solvent Type......Page 62
Chemical vs. Enzymatic Catalysis in Transesterification Reactions......Page 64
Structured Lipids from Medium-Chain Triacylglycerol and Trilinolein......Page 65
Structured Lipids from Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols MCT and EPA Ethyl Ester EPA EE......Page 67
Large-Scale Production of Structured Lipids......Page 69
Potential Benefits of Structured Lipids......Page 70
References......Page 71
Screening of Lipase Suitable for Production of DHA-Rich Oil......Page 79
Selective Hydrolysis of Tuna Oil......Page 80
Reaction Mechanism of Selective Hydrolysis......Page 82
Production of Structured Lipid Containing DHA and Caprylic Acid......Page 83
Classification of Lipases......Page 89
Application of Lipase for Oil Processing......Page 90
References......Page 91
Introduction and History......Page 95
Overview......Page 97
Absorption/Excretion Balance Studies......Page 98
14-Day Rodent Growth Bioassay......Page 99
Rodent Metabolic Disposition Study......Page 101
Stearic Acid Absorption Coefficient......Page 102
Metabolism and Safety Studies......Page 105
The Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism of Salatrim Triacylglycerols......Page 106
Regulatory Status......Page 108
Physical Properties/Performance Characterization......Page 109
Designing Model Compositions......Page 110
Physical Properties as Measures of Potential Performance......Page 112
Confectionery......Page 114
Other Applications......Page 117
Extraction and Analysis of Salatrim Present in Food Matrices......Page 118
Future Outlook......Page 119
References......Page 120
Background......Page 123
Still More Questions Than Answers......Page 124
References......Page 125
Introduction......Page 127
Hydrolysis......Page 130
Results and Discussion......Page 131
References......Page 133
Introduction......Page 135
Animals, Diets, and Human Tumor......Page 136
Lipid Analysis......Page 137
Results......Page 138
Discussion......Page 139
References......Page 143
Digestion......Page 145
Reactions of Fat Digestion Products in the Intestinal Cells......Page 146
Comparative Physiological Effects of TGs, MGs, FFAs, and MG-FFA Mixtures......Page 148
Interactions between Different Types of Dietary Fats......Page 151
References......Page 152
Introduction......Page 155
Fat Absorption......Page 156
Chylomicron Metabolism......Page 157
Cholesterol Metabolism and Atherogenesis......Page 158
Conclusion......Page 161
References......Page 162
Introduction......Page 166
Enzymatic Esterification......Page 167
Labeling of Chylomicrons......Page 168
Experiment 1: Bile- and Pancreatic-Diverted Rats......Page 169
Experiment 2: Mesenteric Lymph Collection from Normal Rats......Page 170
Conclusions......Page 173
References......Page 174
Introduction......Page 176
Lipoprotein Isolation and Radiolabeling......Page 177
Plasma Lipids......Page 179
LDL Turnover......Page 180
HDL Turnover......Page 181
Discussion......Page 182
References......Page 186
Introduction......Page 189
References......Page 193
What are Structured Triglycerides?......Page 195
Antitumor and Anticatabolic Structured Triglycerides......Page 196
Use of Enteral Structured Triglycerides in the Clinical Setting......Page 197
Animal Studies......Page 198
Clinical Studies......Page 199
Acknowledgment......Page 200
References......Page 201
Introduction......Page 203
Experimental Studies......Page 204
Discussion......Page 208
References......Page 210
Introduction......Page 213
The Chylomicron Paradigm......Page 214
Lipid Structures and Clearance of Lipid Emulsions from Plasma......Page 215
Lipid Structures in Total Parenteral Nutrition......Page 218
Lipase Activity on Structured Lipid Substrates......Page 219
Benefits of Structured Lipids in TPN......Page 220
Issues of Stability and Lipid Oxidization in TPN......Page 222
Conclusions......Page 223
References......Page 224
Introduction......Page 235
Phase I: Characterization......Page 236
Animal Studies......Page 238
Clinical Testing......Page 239
Long-Term Clinical Study......Page 242
References......Page 243