Structural Loads Analysis for Commercial Transport Aircraft: Theory and Practice

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
Nomenclature......Page 16
1.3 Methodogy......Page 18
1.5 Sign Convention......Page 19
2.2 Symmetrical Maneuver Load Factors......Page 22
2.3 Steady-State Symmetrical Maneuvers......Page 24
2.4 Abrupt Pitching Maneuvers......Page 31
2.5 Abrupt Unchecked Pitch Maneuvers......Page 33
2.6 Abrupt Checked Maneuvers (Commercial Requirements)......Page 37
2.7 Abrupt Checked Maneuvers (Military Requirements)......Page 39
2.8 Minimum Pitch Acceleration Requirements......Page 41
3.2 Symmetrical Load Factors for Rolling Maneuvers......Page 44
3.4 Equations of Motion for Rolling Maneuvers......Page 46
3.5 Maximum Rolling Acceleration and Velocity Criteria......Page 47
3.7 Nonlinear Lateral Control Inputs......Page 50
3.8 Aeroelastic Effects......Page 52
4.2 Rudder Maneuver Requirements — FAR 25 Criteria......Page 54
4.3 Engine-Out Maneuver Requirements — FAR 25 Criteria......Page 59
4.4 Equations of Motion for Yawing Maneuvers......Page 61
5.1 Sharp-Edge Gust Criteria Based on Wing Loading......Page 68
5.2 Revised Gust Criteria Using Airplane Mass Ratio......Page 69
5.3 FAR/JAR Discrete Gust Design Criteria......Page 71
5.4 Continuous Turbulence Gust Loads Criteria......Page 73
5.5 Vertical Discrete Gust Considerations......Page 75
5.6 Transient Lift Functions......Page 83
5.7 Vertical Gust Continuous Turbulence Considerations......Page 86
5.8 Multiple DOF Analyses......Page 88
5.9 Lateral Gust Considerations......Page 89
5.10 Oblique Gusts......Page 90
5.11 Head-On Gusts......Page 93
6.2 Landing Speed Calculations......Page 96
6.3 Two-Point Landing Conditions......Page 98
6.4 Three-Point Landing Conditions......Page 103
6.7 Rebound Landing Conditions......Page 105
6.9 Elastic Airplane Analysis......Page 106
6.10 Automatic Ground Spoilers......Page 108
7.2 Static Load Conditions......Page 110
7.3 Taxi, Takeoff, and Landing Roll Conditions......Page 111
7.4 Braked-Roll Conditions......Page 115
7.5 Refused Takeoff Considerations......Page 120
7.6 Turning Conditions......Page 123
7.7 Towing Conditions......Page 127
7.9 Tethering Problem......Page 128
8.2 Balanced Maneuver Analysis......Page 132
8.3 Abrupt Unchecked Elevator Conditions......Page 139
8.4 Checked Maneuver Conditions......Page 142
8.5 Vertical Gust Conditions......Page 148
8.6 Unsymmetrical Load Conditions......Page 149
8.8 High-Speed Buffet Considerations......Page 157
9.1 Vertical Tail Loads for Yawing Maneuvers......Page 160
9.2 Vertical Tail Loads for Rudder Maneuver Conditions......Page 161
9.3 Vertical Tail Loads Engine-Out Conditions......Page 167
9.4 Vertical Tail Loads Using the Gust Formula Approach......Page 171
9.5 Lateral Gust Dynamic Analyses......Page 175
9.7 Lateral Bending-Body Flexibility Parameters......Page 176
9.8 Relationship Between Sideslip Angle and Fin Angle of Attack......Page 177
10.3 Symmetrical Maneuver Analysis......Page 180
10.4 Rolling Maneuver Analysis......Page 185
10.5 Yawing Conditions......Page 190
10.6 Landing and Ground-Handling Static Load Conditions......Page 193
10.7 Gust Loads and Consideration for Dynamics......Page 194
10.9 Wing Loads for Dynamic Taxi Analysis......Page 197
10.10 Effect of Speedbrakes on Symmetrical Flight Conditions......Page 198
10.12 Wing Loads for Structural Analysis......Page 200
10.13 Simplified Shear Flow Calculations for Spars......Page 203
10.14 Wing Spanwise Load Distributions......Page 205
11.2 Monocoque Design Conditions......Page 208
11.3 Load Factors Acting on the Body......Page 213
11.4 Pay load Distribution for Monocoque Analysis......Page 215
11.5 Monocoque Payload Limitations......Page 219
11.6 Cabin Pressure Criteria......Page 223
12.1 Control Surface Loads......Page 224
12.2 Determination of Maximum Available Control Surface Angle......Page 225
12.3 Control Surface Airload Distribution......Page 227
12.5 Spoiler Load Distribution......Page 230
12.6 Structural Deformation of Control Surface Hinge Lines......Page 232
12.7 High- Lift Devices......Page 233
13.1 Flutter, Deformation, and Fail-Safe Criteria......Page 240
13.3 Control Surface Reversal Analysis......Page 242
13.4 Structural Stiffness Considerations......Page 245
14.1 Gross Weights......Page 250
14.2 Center of Gravity Limits......Page 252
14.3 Selection of Positive and Negative C[sub(Lmax)]......Page 256
14.5 Maneuvering Envelope......Page 261
14.6 Gust Envelope......Page 265
15.1 Cruise and Dive Speeds......Page 266
15.2 Maneuvering Speeds......Page 269
15.3 Flap Placard Speeds and Altitude Limitations......Page 271
15.4 Gust Design Speeds......Page 275
15.5 Turbulent Air Penetration Speeds V[sub(RA)]......Page 277
15.6 Landing Gear Placards......Page 281
15.7 Bird Strike Airspeed Considerations......Page 282
15.8 Stall Speeds......Page 284
16.2 Equivalent Airspeed......Page 288
16.4 Indicated Airspeed......Page 289
16.5 Calibrated Airspeed......Page 290
16.7 Variation of Equivalent Airspeed and True Airspeed with Altitude......Page 292
E......Page 294
O......Page 295
T......Page 296
Z......Page 297