Structural health monitoring of long-span suspension bridges

Structural Health Monitoring of Long- Span Suspension Bridges......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Acknowledgements......Page 14
Preface......Page 15
Foreword (1)......Page 17
Foreword (2)......Page 19
1.1 The Objective of Structural Health Monitoring......Page 20
1.2 The History of Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges......Page 22
1.4 Organization of the Book......Page 27
1.5 References......Page 28
2.2 The History of Long-span Suspension Bridges......Page 31
2.3.3 Highway Load......Page 35
2.3.4 Temperature Effects......Page 36
2.3.5 Wind Load......Page 37
2.3.7 Other Effects......Page 38
2.4.1 Structural System......Page 39
2.4.2 Design Consideration and Criteria of Suspension Bridges......Page 40
2.4.3 Construction of Suspension Bridges......Page 42
2.4.4 Life-cycle Maintenance and Inspection of Suspension Bridges......Page 45
2.5.2 Structural System......Page 47
2.5.3 Design Considerations and Criteria......Page 52
2.6 References......Page 55
3.2 Design of Health Monitoring Systems......Page 58
3.3.1 Wind Measurement Sensors......Page 60
3.3.2 Seismic Sensors......Page 61
3.3.4 Thermometers......Page 62
3.3.6 Displacement Measurement Sensors......Page 63
3.3.8 Weather Stations......Page 65
3.3.10 Others......Page 66
3.4.1 Configuration of DATS......Page 67
3.4.2 Hardware of DAUs......Page 68
3.4.3 Network and Communication......Page 69
3.5 Data Processing and Control System......Page 70
3.5.2 Signal Pre-processing......Page 71
3.5.3 Signal Post-processing and Analysis......Page 72
3.6 Data Management System......Page 75
3.6.1 Components and Functions of Data Management System......Page 76
3.7.1 Overview of Wireless Sensors......Page 77
3.7.2 Basic Architectures and Features of Wireless Sensors......Page 78
3.8.1 Overview of WASHMS......Page 80
3.8.2 Anemometers in WASHMS......Page 84
3.8.4 Displacement Transducers in WASHMS......Page 85
3.8.5 Level Sensing Stations in WASHMS......Page 86
3.8.6 Global Positioning System in WASHMS......Page 87
3.8.8 Accelerometers in WASHMS......Page 88
3.8.9 Weigh-in-motion Stations in WASHMS......Page 89
3.9 References......Page 90
3.10 Notations......Page 93
4.2.1 Theoretical Background......Page 95
4.2.2 Spine Beam Model......Page 97
4.2.3 Hybrid Model......Page 99
4.2.4 Modelling of Cables......Page 100
4.3.1 Input-output Modal Identification Methods......Page 101
4.3.2 Output-only Modal Identification Methods......Page 104
4.4.1 Overview......Page 105
4.4.2 Objective Functions and Constraints......Page 106
4.4.3 Parameters for Updating......Page 108
4.4.4 Optimization Algorithms......Page 109
4.5.1 Modelling of the Bridge......Page 111
4.5.2 Ambient Vibration Test of the Bridge......Page 117
4.5.3 Sensitivity-based Model Updating of the Bridge......Page 119
4.6 References......Page 122
4.7 Notations......Page 126
5.2 Railway Monitoring System......Page 128
5.3 Monitoring of Railway Traffic Condition and Load Distribution......Page 130
5.4.1 Vehicle Model......Page 131
5.4.2 Bridge Model......Page 133
5.4.3 Wheel and Rail Interaction......Page 134
5.5 Monitoring of Railway Loading Effects on the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 137
5.5.1 Monitoring of Railway Traffic Condition......Page 139
5.5.2 Monitoring of Railway Loading......Page 140
5.5.3 Monitoring of Railway Loading Effects on Bridge Displacements......Page 142
5.5.4 Monitoring of Railway Loading Effects on Bridge Accelerations......Page 152
5.7 References......Page 157
5.8 Notations......Page 158
6.1 Preview......Page 160
6.2 Highway Monitoring System......Page 161
6.4 Dynamic Interaction of Long-span Suspension Bridges with Road Vehicles......Page 162
6.4.1 Modelling of Road Vehicles......Page 163
6.4.2 Modelling of Bridge......Page 164
6.4.3 Modelling of Road Surface Roughness......Page 165
6.4.4 Principle of Computerized Approach......Page 166
6.4.6 An Example......Page 167
6.5.1 Data Processing......Page 171
6.5.2 Monitoring of Highway Traffic Condition......Page 175
6.5.3 Monitoring of Highway Loading Distribution......Page 177
6.5.4 Highway Loading Spectrum......Page 180
6.5.5 Strain Analysis and Fatigue Evaluation......Page 182
6.6 Summary......Page 191
6.7 References......Page 192
6.8 Notations......Page 193
7.1 Preview......Page 196
7.2 Temperature Monitoring......Page 197
7.3.2 Thermal Boundary Conditions......Page 199
7.3.3 Solar Radiation......Page 200
7.4.1 Temperature Effects on Static Behaviour of Bridges......Page 203
7.4.2 Temperature Effects on Dynamic Behaviour of Bridges......Page 204
7.5.1 Temperature Sensors in the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 205
7.5.2 Heat-transfer Analysis of the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 208
7.5.3 Temperature Distribution of the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 211
7.5.4 Temperature-induced Displacement of the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 218
7.5.5 Temperature-induced Stress of the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 225
7.5.6 Temperature Effect on Vibration Properties of the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 227
7.6 Summary......Page 230
7.7 References......Page 231
7.8 Notations......Page 233
8.2 Wind Monitoring System......Page 235
8.3.1 Stationary Wind Model......Page 237
8.3.3 Time Varying Mean Wind Speed......Page 239
8.4.1 Buffeting Analysis of Long-span Suspension Bridges......Page 240
8.4.2 Flutter Analysis of Long-span Suspension Bridges......Page 244
8.4.3 Vortex Shedding Analysis of Long-span Suspension Bridges......Page 247
8.5 Monitoring of Wind Effects on the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 248
8.5.1 Monitoring of Wind Environment......Page 249
8.5.2 Monitoring of Bridge Displacements......Page 256
8.5.3 Wind-resistant Performance Assessment of Bridge......Page 260
8.7 References......Page 264
8.8 Notations......Page 266
9.1 Preview......Page 270
9.2 Seismic Monitoring System......Page 271
9.3 Conditional Simulation of Seismic Ground Motions......Page 272
9.3.2 Conditional Simulation of Seismic Ground Motion......Page 273
9.3.3 Procedure for Conditional Simulation of Seismic Ground Motion......Page 274
9.4.1 Equations of Motion for Multiple-support Seismic Analysis......Page 275
9.4.3 Large Mass Method......Page 276
9.5.1 The Tsing Ma Bridge and Earthquake Record......Page 277
9.5.2 Conditional Simulation of Ground Motion......Page 278
9.5.3 Seismic Response of the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 281
9.7 References......Page 284
9.8 Notations......Page 285
10.2.1 Measurement Methods......Page 287
10.2.2 Corrosion Sensors......Page 288
10.2.3 Theoretical Models of Chloride Penetration......Page 289
10.3.2 Preventive Measures......Page 290
10.3.3 Design and Analysis of Ship-collision......Page 292
10.4.1 Introduction......Page 294
10.4.2 Scour Monitoring Equipment......Page 295
10.4.3 Preventive Measures......Page 296
10.5 References......Page 297
10.6 Notations......Page 300
11.2 General Concepts of Structural Damage Detection......Page 301
11.3 Non-destructive Testing Methods......Page 302
11.3.1 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method......Page 303
11.3.2 Impact-echo / Impulse-response Methods......Page 304
11.3.4 Radiographic Method......Page 305
11.3.6 Infrared Thermographic Method......Page 306
11.4.1 Overview of Vibration-based Damage Detection Methods......Page 307
11.4.2 Frequency Changes......Page 308
11.4.3 Mode Shape Changes......Page 309
11.4.5 FRF Changes......Page 310
11.4.6 Mode Shape Curvature Changes......Page 311
11.4.7 Modal Strain Energy Changes......Page 312
11.4.9 Comparison Studies......Page 313
11.4.10 Challenges in Vibration Based Damage Detection Methods......Page 314
11.5.1 Uncertainties in Damage Detection......Page 315
11.5.2 Perturbation Approach......Page 316
11.5.3 Bayesian Approach......Page 318
11.5.5 Monte Carlo Simulation......Page 319
11.7 References......Page 320
11.8 Notations......Page 327
12.1 Preview......Page 329
12.2.1 Current Status of Bridge Rating......Page 330
12.2.2 Formation of a Hierarchical Structure......Page 331
12.2.3 Determination of Relative Weights for Each Level......Page 332
12.2.4 Fuzzy Synthetic Ratings for Criticality and Vulnerability......Page 333
12.2.5 Fuzzy Synthetic Decision for Inspection......Page 335
12.3.1 Criticality Factors......Page 336
12.4 Criticality and Vulnerability Analyses......Page 337
12.4.1 Structural Component Classification......Page 338
12.4.2 Criticality Analysis......Page 340
12.4.3 Vulnerability Analysis......Page 343
12.5.1 Relative Weights......Page 345
12.5.2 Time Intervals for Inspection......Page 347
12.5.3 Decision for Inspection......Page 348
12.6 Summary......Page 349
12.7 References......Page 350
12.8 Notations......Page 352
13.2 Necessity of Establishing Test-beds......Page 353
13.3 Design Principles of Test-bed......Page 354
13.4.1 Brief Description of the Tsing Ma Bridge......Page 356
13.4.2 Geometric Scale and Shake Table......Page 357
13.4.3 Bridge Towers and Piers......Page 358
13.4.4 Bridge Deck......Page 361
13.4.5 Bridge Cables and Suspenders......Page 364
13.5.1 Geometric Measurements and Results......Page 367
13.5.2 Modal Tests and Results......Page 368
13.6.1 Modelling of Bridge Towers and Piers......Page 371
13.6.4 Modelling of Supports and Restraints......Page 372
13.7.1 Parameters for Updating......Page 374
13.7.2 Objective Functions......Page 375
13.7.3 Updating Results......Page 376
13.8 Summary......Page 378
13.9 References......Page 379
13.10 Notations......Page 380
14.1.1 Durability and Optimization of the Sensor Network......Page 381
14.1.3 Advanced Computational Simulation......Page 382
14.2 Prospects......Page 383
Index......Page 385