Structural Engineering Handbook

toc.pdf
	Contents
01.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Basic Theory of Plates and Elastic Stability
			Introduction
			Plates
				Basic Assumptions
				Governing Equations
				Boundary Conditions
				Circular Plate
				Examples of Bending Problems
			Stability
				Basic Concepts
				Columns
				Thin-Walled Members
				Plates
			Defining Terms
02.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Structural Analysis
			Fundamental Principles
				Boundary Conditions
				Loads and Reactions
				Principle of Superposition
				Idealized Models
			Flexural Members
				Axial Force, Shear Force, and Bending Moment
				Relation Between Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
				Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
				Fix-Ended Beams
				Continuous Beams
				Beam Deflection
				Curved Flexural Members
			Trusses
				Method of Joints
				Method of Sections
				Compound Trusses
				Stability and Determinacy
			Frames
				Slope Deflection Method
				Application of Slope Deflection Method to Frames
				Moment Distribution Method
				Method of Consistent Deformations
			Plates
				Bending of Thin Plates
				Boundary Conditions
				Bending of Simply Supported Rectangular Plates
				Bending of Circular Plates
				Strain Energy of Simple Plates
				Plates of Various Shapes and Boundary Conditions
				Orthotropic Plates
				Buckling of Thin Plates
			Shell
				Stress Resultants in Shell Element
				Membrane Theory of Shells of Revolution
				Spherical Dome
				Conical Shells
				Shells of Revolution Subjected to Unsymmetrical Loading
				Membrane Theory of Cylindrical Shells
				Symmetrically Loaded Circular Cylindrical Shells
				Buckling of Shells
			Influence Lines
				Influence Lines for Shear in Simple Beams
				Influence Lines for Bending Moment in Simple Beams
				Influence Lines for Trusses
				Qualitative Influence Lines
				Influence Lines for Continuous Beams
			Energy Methods in Structural Analysis
				Strain Energy Due to Uniaxial Stress
				Strain Energy in Bending
				Strain Energy in Shear
				The Energy Relations in Structural Analysis
				Unit Load Method
			Matrix Methods
				Flexibility Method
				Stiffness Method
				Element Stiffness Matrix
				Grillages
				Structure Stiffness Matrix
				Loading Between Nodes
				Semi-Rigid End Connection
			The Finite Element Method
				Basic Concept
				Basic Equations from Theory of Elasticity
				Plane Stress
				Plane Strain
				Element Shapes and Discretization
				Choice of Displacement Function
				Nodal Degrees of Freedom
				Isoparametric Elements
				Isoparametric Families of Elements
				Element Shape Functions
				Formulation of Stiffness Matrix
				Plates Subjected to In-Plane Forces
				Beam Element
				Plates in Bendings---Rectangular Element
			Inelastic Analysis
				An Overall View
				Ductility
				Redistribution of Forces
				Plastic Hinge
				Plastic Moment
				Theory of Plastic Analysis
				Equilibrium Method
				Mechanism Method
				Gable Frames
				Analysis Charts for Gable Frames
				Grillages
				Vierendeel Girders
				First-Order Hinge-By-Hinge Analysis
			Frame Stability
				Categorization of Analysis Methods
				Columns Stability
				Beam-Column Stability
				Slope Deflection Equations
				Second-Order Elastic Analysis
				Modifications to Account for Plastic Hinge Effects
				Modification for End Connections
				Second-Order Refined Plastic Hinge Analysis
				Second-Order Plastic Zone Analysis
				Three-Dimensional Frame Element
			Structural Dynamic
				Equation of Motion
				Free Vibration
				Forced Vibration
				Response to Suddenly Applied Load
				Response to Time-Varying Loads
				Multiple Degree Systems
				Distributed Mass Systems
				Portal Frames
				Damping
				Numerical Analysis
			Defining Terms
03.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Structural Steel Design
			Materials
				Stress-Strain Behavior of Structural Steel
				Types of Steel
					Carbon Steels (ASTM A36, ASTM A529, ASTM 709)
					High Strength Low Alloy Steels (ASTM A441, ASTM A572)
					Corrosion-Resistant High Strength Low Alloy Steels (ASTM A242, ASTM A588)
					Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steels (ASTM A852, ASTM A514, ASTM A709, ASTM
					A852)
				Fireproofing of Steel
				Corrosion Protection of Steel
				Structural Steel Shapes
				Structural Fasteners
					Bolts
					Welds
				Weldability of Steel
			Design Philosophy and Design Formats
				Design Philosophy
				Design Formats
			Tension Members
				Allowable Stress Design
				Load and Resistance Factor Design
				Pin-Connected Members
					Allowable Stress Design
					Load and Resistance Factor Design
				Threaded Rods
					Allowable Stress Design
					Load and Resistance Factor Design
			Compression Members
				Allowable Stress Design
				Load and Resistance Factor Design
				Built-Up Compression Members
			Flexural Members
				Allowable Stress Design
					Flexural Strength Criterion
					Shear Strength Criterion
					Criteria for Concentrated Loads
					De ection Criterion
				Load and Resistance Factor Design
					Flexural Strength Criterion
					Shear Strength Criterion
					Criteria for Concentrated Loads
					De ection Criterion
				Continuous Beams
				Lateral Bracing of Beams
			Combined Flexure and Axial Force
				Allowable Stress Design
				Load and Resistance Factor Design
			Biaxial Bending
				Allowable Stress Design
				Load and Resistance Factor Design
			Combined Bending, Torsion, and Axial Force
			Frames
			Plate Girders
				Allowable Stress Design
					Allowable Bending Stress
					Allowable Shear Stress
					Transverse Stiffeners
				Load and Resistance Factor Design
					Flexural Strength Criterion
					Shear Strength Criterion
					Flexure-Shear Interaction
					Bearing Stiffeners
					Intermediate Stiffeners
			Connections
				Bolted Connections
					Bolt Holes
					Bolts Loaded in Tension
					Bolts Loaded in Shear
					Bolts Loaded in Combined Tension and Shear
					Bearing Strength at Fastener Holes
					Minimum Fastener Spacing
					Minimum Edge Distance
					Maximum Fastener Spacing
					Maximum Edge Distance
					Bolted Hanger Type Connections
					Bolted Bracket Type Connections
					Bolted Shear Connections
					Bolted Moment-Resisting Connections
					Design of Moment-Resisting Connections
				Welded Connections
					Welding Symbols
					Strength of Welds
					Effective Area of Welds
					Size and Length Limitations of Welds
					Welded Connections for Tension Members
					Welded Bracket Type Connections
					Welded Connections with Welds Subjected to Combined Shear and Flexure
					Welded Shear Connections
					Welded Moment-Resisting Connections
				Shop Welded-Field Bolted Connections
				Beam and Column Splices
			Column Base Plates and Beam Bearing Plates (LRFD Approach)
				Column Base Plates
					Axially Loaded Base Plates
					Base Plates for Tubular and Pipe Columns
					Base Plates with Moments
					Base Plates with Shear
				Anchor Bolts
				Beam Bearing Plates
			Composite Members (LRFD Approach)
				Composite Columns
					Design Compressive Strength
				Composite Beams
				Composite Floor Slabs
			Plastic Design
				Plastic Design of Columns and Beams
				Plastic Design of Beam-Columns
			Defining Terms
			References
			Further Reading
04.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Structural Concrete Design
			Properties of Concrete and Reinforcing Steel
				Properties of Concrete
				Heavyweight Concrete
				High-Strength Concrete
				Reinforcing Steel
			Proportioning and Mixing Concrete
				Proportioning Concrete Mix
				Admixtures
				Mixing
			Flexural Design of and One-Way Slabs
				Reinforced Concrete Strength Design
					Analysis of Rectangular Beams with Tension Reinforcement Only
					Analysis of Beams with Tension and Compression Reinforcement
				Prestressed ConcreteStrength Design
					Elastic Flexural Analysis
					Flexural Strength
					Reinforcement Ratios
			Columns under Bending and Axial Load
				Short Columns under Minimum Eccentricity
				Short Columns under Axial Load and Bending
				Slenderness Effects
				Columns under Axial Load and Biaxial Bending
					Bresler Reciprocal Load Method
					Bresler Load Contour Method
					PCA (Parme-Gowens) Load Contour Method
			Shear and Torsion
				Reinforced Concrete Beams and One-Way Slabs Strength Design
					Design of Beams and One-Way Slabs Without Shear Reinforcement: for Shear
					Design of Beams and One-Way Slabs Without Shear Reinforcements: for Torsion
					Design of Beams and One-Way Slabs without Shear Reinforcement:
					Design of Stirrup Reinforcement for Shear and Torsion
					Design of Deep Beams
				Prestressed Concrete Beams and One-Way Slabs Strength Design
					Shear Strength Provided by the Concrete
					Shear Strength Provided by the Shear Reinforcement
			Development of Reinforcement
				Development of Bars in Tension
				Development of Bars in Compression
				Development of Hooks in Tension
				Bundled Bars, and Web Reinforcement
					Splices
					Bundled Bars
					Web Reinforcement
			Two-Way Systems
				Definition
				Design Procedures
				Minimum Slab Thickness and Reinforcement
				Direct Design Method
				Equivalent Frame Method
				Detailing
			Frames
				Analysis of Frames
					Slope De ection
					Moment Distribution
					Matrix Analysis
					Approximate Analysis
					ACI Moment Coefficients
					Limit Analysis
				Design for Seismic Loading
					Flexural Members
					Columns
					Joints of Frames
			Brackets and Corbels
			Footings
				Types of Footings
				Design Considerations
					Size of Footings
					Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)
					One-Way Shear
					Flexural Reinforcement and Footing Reinforcement
					Bending Capacity of Column at Base
					Dowels on Footings
					Development Length of the Reinforcing Bars
					Differential Settlement
				Wall Footings
				Single-Column Spread Footings
				Combined Footings
				Two-Column Footings
				Strip, Grid, and Mat Foundations
				Footings on Piles
			Walls
				Panel, Curtain, and Bearing Walls
				Basement Walls
				Partition Walls
				Shears Walls
			Defining Terms
			References
			Further Reading
05.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Earthquake Engineering
			Introduction
			Earthquakes
				Causes of Earthquakes and Faulting
				Distribution of Seismicity
					Global
					U.S.
					Other Areas
				Measurement of Earthquakes
					Magnitude
					Intensity
					Time History
					Elastic
					Inelastic Response Spectra
					Response Spectrum Intensity and Other Measures
					Engineering Intensity Scale
				Strong Motion Attenuation and Duration
				Seismic Hazard and Design Earthquake
					Code Approach
					Upper-Bound Approach
					Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis
					Selection of Design Earthquake
				Effect of Soils on Ground Motion
					Analytical Methods
					Empirical Methods
				Liquefaction and Liquefaction-Related Permanent Ground Displacement
					Simplified Procedure for Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential
			Seismic Design Codes
				Purpose of Codes
				Historical Development of Seismic Codes
				Selected Seismic Codes
			Earthquake Effects and Design of Structures
				Buildings
					How Earthquake Forces are Resisted
					Estimation of Earthquake Forces
					Types of Buildings and Typical Earthquake Performance
					Passive Control
					Active Control
				Non-Building Structures
					Bridges
					Industrial Structures
			Defining Terms
			References
			Further Reading
06.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Composite Construction
			Introduction
				Historical Overview
				Scope
				Design Codes
			Materials
				Concrete
				Reinforcing Steel
				Structural Steel
				Steel Decking
				Shear Connectors
			Simply-Supported Composite Beams
				Beam Response and Failure Modes
				The Effective Width of Concrete Flange
				Elastic Analysis
				Plastic Analysis
				Vertical Shear
				Serviceability Limit States
				Worked Examplesfootnotemark
			Continuous Beams
				Introduction
				Effective Width
				Local Buckling and Classification of Cross-Sections
				Elastic Analysis of the Cross-Section
				Plastic Resistance of the Cross-Section
				Serviceability Limit States
				Ultimate Limit State
				The Lateral-Torsional Buckling
				Worked Examples
			The Shear Connection
				The Shear Transfer Mechanisms
				The Shear Strength of Mechanical Shear Connectors
				Steel-Concrete Interface Separation
				Shear Connectors Spacing
				Shear Connection Detailing
				Transverse Reinforcement
				The Shear Connection in Fully and Partially Composite Beams
				Worked Examples
			Composite Columns
				Types of Sections and Advantages
				Failure Mechanisms
				The Elastic Behavior of the Section
				The Plastic Behavior of the Section
				The Behavior of the Members
				Influence of Local Buckling
				Shear Effects
				Load Introduction Region
				Restrictions for the Application of the Design Methods
				Worked Examples
			Composite Slabs
				The Steel Deck
				The Composite Slab
				Worked Examples
07.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Cold-Formed Steel Structures
			Introduction
			Design Standards
			Design Bases
				Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
				Limit States Design or Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
			Materials and Mechanical Properties
				Yield Point, Tensile Strength, and Stress-Strain Relationship
				Strength Increase from Cold Work of Forming
				Modulus of Elasticity, Tangent Modulus, and Shear Modulus
				Ductility
			Element Strength
				Maximum Flat-Width-to-Thickness Ratios
				Stiffened Elements under Uniform Compression
				Stiffened Elements with Stress Gradient
				Unstiffened Elements under Uniform Compression
				Uniformly Compressed Elements with an Edge Stiffener
				Uniformly Compressed Elements with Intermediatenewline Stiffeners
			Member Design
				Sectional Properties
				Linear Method for Computing Sectional Properties
				Tension Members
				Flexural Members
				Concentrically Loaded Compression Members
				Combined Axial Load and Bending
				Cylindrical Tubular Members
			Connections and Joints
				Welded Connections
				Bolted Connections
				Screw Connections
			Structural Systems and Assemblies
				Metal Buildings
				Shear Diaphragms
				Shell Roof Structures
				Wall Stud Assemblies
				Residential Construction
				Composite Construction
			Defining Terms
08.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Aluminum Structures
			Introduction
				The Material
				Alloy Characteristics
				Codes and Specifications
			Structural Behavior
				General
				Component Behavior
				Joints
				Fatigue
			Design
				General Considerations
				Design Studies
			Economics of Design
			Defining Terms
09.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Timber Structures
			Introduction
				Types of Wood Products
				Types of Structures
				Design Specifications and Industry Resources
			Properties of Wood
			Preliminary Design Considerations
				Loads and Load Combinations
				Design Values
				Adjustment of Design Values
			Beam Design
				Moment Capacity
				Shear Capacity
				Bearing Capacity
				NDS Provisions
			Tension Member Design
			Column Design
				Solid Columns
				Spaced Columns
				Built-Up Columns
				NDS Provisions
			Combined Load Design
				Combined Bending and Axial Tension
				Biaxial Bending or Combined Bending and Axial Compression
				NDS Provisions
			Fastener and Connection Design
				Nails, Spikes, and Screws
				Bolts, Lag Screws, and Dowels
				Other Types of Connections
				NDS Provisions
			Structural Panels
				Panel Section Properties
				Panel Design Values
				Design Resources
			Shear Walls and Diaphragms
				Required Resistance
				Shear Wall and Diaphragm Resistance
				Design Resources
			Trusses
			Curved Beams and Arches
				Curved Beams
				Arches
				Design Resources
			Serviceability Considerations
				Deflections
				Vibrations
				NDS Provisions
				Non-Structural Performance
			Defining Terms
10.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Bridge Structures
			General
				Introduction
				Classification
				Plan
				Design
				Loads
				Influence Lines
			Steel Bridges
				Introduction
				Welding
				Bolting
				Fabrication in Shop
				Construction on Site
				Painting
			Concrete Bridges
				Introduction
				Reinforced Concrete Bridges
				Prestressed Concrete Bridges
			Concrete Substructures
				Introduction
				Bents and Piers
				Abutments
				Design Consideration
			Floor System
				Introduction
				Decks
				Pavement
				Stringers
				Floor Beams
			Bearings, Expansion Joints, and Railings
				Introduction
				Bearings (Shoes)
				Expansion Joints
				Railings
			Girder Bridges
				Structural Features
				Plate Girder (Noncomposite)
				Composite Girder
				Grillage Girder
				Box Girder
			Truss Bridges
				Structural Features
				Types of Trusses
				Structural Analysis and Secondary Stress
				Gerber Truss Bridge
			Rigid Frame Bridges (Rahmen Bridges)
				Structural Features
				Portal Frame
				-Rahmen (Strutted Beam Bridge)
				Vierendeel Bridge
			Arch Bridges
				Structural Features
				Types of Arches
				Structural Analysis
				Langer Bridge
				Lohse Bridge
				Trussed Arch and Nielsen Arch Bridges
			Cable-Stayed Bridges
				Structural Features
				Types of Cable-Stayed Bridges
				Structural Analysis
				Tension in Cable
			Suspension Bridges
				Structural Features
				Types of Suspension Bridges
				Structural Analysis
				Cable Design
				Stiffening Girder
				Tower
				Stability for Wind
			Defining Terms
11.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Shell Structures
			Introduction
				Overview
				Production Practice
				Scope
				Limitations
				Stress Components for Stability Analysis and Design
				Materials
					Steel
					Other Materials
				Geometries, Failure Modes, and Loads
					Geometries
					Failure Modes
					Loads and Load Combinations
				Buckling Design Method
				Stress Factor
				Nomenclature
			Allowable Compressive Stresses for Cylindrical Shells
				Uniform Axial Compression
				Axial Compression Due to Bending Moment
				External Pressure
				Shear
				Sizing of Rings (General Instability)
					Uniform Axial Compression and Axial Compression
					Due to Bending
					External Pressure
					Shear
					Local Stiffener Buckling
			Allowable Compressive Stresses For Cones
				Uniform Axial Compression and Axial Compression Due to Bending
					Allowable Longitudinal and Bending Stresses
					Unstiffened Cone-Cylinder Junctions
					Cone-Cylinder Junction Rings
				External Pressure
					Allowable Circumferential Compression Stresses
					Intermediate Stiffening Rings
					Cone-Cylinder Junction Rings
				Shear
					Allowable In-Plane Shear Stress
					Intermediate Stiffening Rings
				Local Stiffener Buckling
			Allowable Stress Equations For Unstiffened and Ring- Stiffened Cylinders and Cones Under Combined Loads
				For Combination of Uniform Axial Compression and Hoop Compression
				For Combination of Axial Compression Due to Bending Moment, and Hoop Compression
				For Combination of Hoop Compression and Shear
				For Combination of Uniform Axial Compression, Axial Compression Due to Bending Moment, and Shear, in the Presence of Hoop Compression,
				For Combination of Uniform Axial Compression, Axial Compression Due to Bending Moment, and Shear, in the Absence of Hoop Compression,
			Tolerances for Cylindrical and Conical Shells
				Shells Subjected to Uniform Axial Compression and Axial Compression Due to Bending Moment
				Shells Subjected to External Pressure
				Shells Subjected to Shear
			Allowable Compressive Stresses for Spherical Shells and Formed Heads, With Pressure on Convex Side
				Spherical Shells
					With Equal Biaxial Stresses
					With Unequal Biaxial Stresses—Both Stresses Are Compressive
					With Unequal Biaxial Stresses—One Stress Is Compressive and the Other Is Tensile
					Shear
				Toroidal and Ellipsoidal Heads
			Tolerances for Formed Heads
			References
			Further Reading
12.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Multistory Frame Structures
			Classification of Building Frames
				Rigid Frames
				Simple Frames (Pin-Connected Frames
				Bracing Systems
				Braced Frames vs. Unbraced Frames
				Sway Frames vs. Non-Sway Frames
				Classification of Tall Building Frames
			Composite Floor Systems
				Floor Structures in Multistory Buildings
				Composite Floor Systems
				Composite Beams and Girders
				Long-Span Flooring Systems
				Comparison of Floor Spanning Systems
				Floor Diaphragms
			Design Concepts and Structural Schemes
				Introduction
				Gravity Frames
				Bracing Systems
				Moment-Resisting Frames
				Tall Building Framing Systems
				Steel-Concrete Composite Systems
			Wind Effects on Buildings
				Introduction
				Characteristics of Wind
				Wind Induced Dynamic Forces
				Response Due to Along Wind
				Response Due to Across Wind
				Torsional Response
				Response by Wind Tunnel Tests
			Defining Terms
13.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Space Frame Structures
			Introduction to Space Frame Structures
				General Introduction
				Definition of the Space Frame
				Basic Concepts
				Advantages of Space Frames
				Preliminary Planning Guidelines
			Double Layer Grids
				Types and Geometry
				Type Choosing
				Method of Support
				Design Parameters
				Cambering and Slope
				Methods of Erection
			Latticed Shells
				Form and Layer
				Braced Barrel Vaults
				Braced Domes
				Hyperbolic Paraboloid Shells
				Intersection and Combination
			Structural Analysis
				Design Loads
				Static Analysis
				Earthquake Resistance
				Stability
			Jointing Systems
				General Description
				Proprietary System
				Bearing Joints
			Defining Terms
14.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Cooling Tower Structures
			Introduction
			Components of a Natural Draft Cooling Tower
			Damage and Failures
			Geometry
			Loading
			Methods of Analysis
			Design and Detailing of Components
			Construction
15.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Transmission Structures
			Introduction and Application
				Application
				Structure Configuration and Material
				Constructibility
				Maintenance Considerations
				Structure Families
				State of the Art Review
			Loads on Transmission Structures
				General
				Calculation of Loads Using NESC Code
				Calculation of Loads Using the ASCE Guide
				Special Loads
				Security Loads
				Construction and Maintenance Loads
				Loads on Structure
				Vertical Loads
				Transverse Loads
				Longitudinal Loading
			Design of Steel Lattice Tower
				Tower Geometry
				Analysis and Design Methodology
				Allowable Stresses
				Connections
				Detailing Considerations
				Tower Testing
			Transmission Poles
				General
				Stress Analysis
				Tubular Steel Poles
				Wood Poles
				Concrete Poles
				Guyed Poles
			Transmission Tower Foundations
				Geotechnical Parameters
				Foundation Types---Selection and Design
				Anchorage
				Construction and Other Considerations
				Safety Margins for Foundation Design
				Foundation Movements
				Foundation Testing
				Design Examples
			Defining Terms
Chapter15B .pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents
		Tunnel Structures
			15B.1 Introduction
				What Is a Tunnel?
				Fundamental Approach to Underground Design
				Immersed and Floating Tunnels
					Floating Tunnels
				Cut-and-Cover Tunnels
					Trench Excavation
					Top-Down Construction
					Groundwater Impacts
				Bored and Mined Tunnels in Soil or Rock
			15B.2 Immersed and Floating Tunnels
				Introduction
				Sizing of Tunnel Sections
				Principles of Design
				Analysis
					Analysis of Earthquake Effects
				Methods of Constructing Elements: Concrete and Steel
					Monolithic Elements
					Discrete Segments
					Steel
					Waterproofing
				Tunnel Joints
					Construction Joints
					Immersion Joints
					Seismic Joints
					Terminal Joints (Land Connections)
				Construction Aspects
				Protection Against Ship Traffic and Currents
			15B.3 Cut-and-Cover Tunnels
				Introduction
				Structural Analysis
				Methods of Framing
				Analysis in Section: Typical Frame and BOEF Methods of Analysis
				Loading
				Finite Element Analysis
				Buoyancy
				Evaluation of Construction Impact and Mitigation
			15B.4 Tunnel Linings for Bored and Mined Tunnels
				Introduction
				Mechanized Tunneling Through Soil
					Dry Soil
					Wet Soil
						Slurry TBM
						EPB-TBM
				Linings for Tunnels in Soil
					Two-Pass Lining
				Bored Tunnels in Rock
					Roadheader
				Sequential Excavation and Support for Rock Tunnels
				Selection of Lining System in a Rock Tunnel
					Unlined Tunnel
					Shotcrete Lining
					Unreinforced Concrete Lining
					Reinforced Concrete Lining
					Pipe in Tunnel
					Steel Lining
					Concrete Segmental Lining
				Structural Design of Permanent Concrete Linings in Rock
					Cracking of Linings
					Lining Loads for Design
					Methods of Analysis
				Design of Segmental Concrete Linings
					Design Conditions
			15B.5 seismic Analysis and Design
				Introduction
				Performance Record During Earthquakes
				Design and Analysis Approach for Ground Shaking Effects
					General
					Evaluation of Axial and Curvature Deformations
						Procedure Accounting for Soil-Structure Interaction Effects
					Evaluation of Ovaling Deformations of Bored/Mined Circular Tunnels
						Step 1
						Step 2
						Step 3
						Step 4
					Evaluation of Racking Deformations of Rectangular Tunnels
						Step 1
						Step 2
						Step 3
						Step 4
						Step 5
						Step 6
					Loads Due to Vertical Seismic Motions
				Tunnel Subject to Large Displacements
				Shaft Structures and Interface Joints
			Defining Terms
			References
			Further Reading
16.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Performance-Based Seismic Design Criteria For Bridges
			Notations
			Introduction
				Damage to in Recent Earthquakes
				Criteria
				Performance-Based Design Criteria
				Background of Criteria Development
			Performance Requirements
				General
				Safety Evaluation Earthquake
				Functionality Evaluation Earthquake
				Objectives of Seismic Design
			Loads and Load Combinations
				Load Factors and Combinations
				Earthquake Load
				Wind Load
				Buoyancy and Hydrodynamic Mass
			Structural Materials
				Existing Materials
				New Materials
					Structural Steel
					Structural Concrete
					Reinforcement
			Determination of Demands
				Analysis Methods
					Static Linear Analysis
					Dynamic Response Spectrum Analysis
					Dynamic Time History Analysis
				Modeling Considerations
					Global, Regional, and Local Models
					Boundary Conditions
					Soil-Foundation-Structure-Interaction
					Section Properties of
					Damping
					Seismic Response Modification Devices
			Determination of Capacities
				Limit States and Resistance Factors
					Limit States
					Resistance Factors
				Effective Length of Compression Members
				Nominal Strength of Steel Structures
					Members
					Gusset Plate Connections
					Connections Splices
					Eyebars
					Anchor Bolts (Rods) and Anchorage Assemblies
					Rivets and Holes
					Bolts and Holes
					Prying Action
				Nominal Strength of Concrete Structures
					Nominal Moment Strength
					Nominal Shear Strength
				Structural Deformation Capacity
					Steel Structures
					Reinforced Concrete Structures
				Seismic Response Modification Devices
					General
					Determination of SRMDs Properties
			Performance Acceptance Criteria
				General
				Structural Component Classifications
				Steel Structures
					General Design Procedure
					Connections
					General Limiting Slenderness Parameters and Width-Thickness Ratios
					Acceptable Force D/C Ratios and Limiting Values
				Concrete Structures
					General
					Beam-Column (Bent Cap) Joints
				Seismic Response Modification Devices
					General
					Acceptance Criteria
			Defining Terms
			Acknowledgments
			References
			Further Reading
			Appendix A
				Section Properties for Latticed Members
					Concept
					Section Properties
				Buckling Mode Interaction For Compression Built-up members
					Buckling Mode Interaction Factor
					Limiting Effective Slenderness Ratios
					Analytical Equation
					Graphical Solution
				Acceptable Force D/C Ratios and Limiting Values
					Definition of Force Demand/Capacity (D/C) Ratios
					Ductility and Load-Deformation Curves
					Force D/C Ratios and Ductility
					General Limiting Values
					Acceptable Force D/C Ratios
					Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
				Inelastic Analysis Considerations
					Stiffness Reduction
					Reduced Section Properties
					Yield Surface Equation for Doubly Symmetrical Sections
17.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Effective Length Factors of Compression Members
			Introduction
			Basic Concept
			Isolated Columns
			Framed Columns---Alignment Chart Method
				Alignment Chart Method
				Requirements for Braced Frames
				Simplified Equations to Alignment Charts
			Modifications to Alignment Charts
				Different Restraining Girder End Conditions
				Different Restraining Column End Conditions
				Column Restrained by Tapered Rectangular Girders
				Unsymmetrical Frames
				Effects of Axial Forces in Restraining Members in Braced Frames
				Consideration of Partial Column Base Fixity
				Inelastic K-factor
			Framed Columns---Alternative Methods
				LeMessurier Method
				Lui Method
				Remarks
			Unbraced Frames With Leaning Columns
				Rigid Columns
				Leaning Columns
				Remarks
			Cross Bracing Systems
			Latticed and Built-Up Members
				Laced Columns
				Columns with Battens
				Laced-Battened Columns
				Columns with Perforated Cover Plates
				Built-Up Members with Bolted and Welded Connectors
			Tapered Columns
			Crane Columns
			Columns in Gable Frames
			Summary
			Defining Terms
18.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Stub Girder Floor Systems
			Introduction
			Description of the Stub Girder Floor System
			Methods of Analysis and Modeling
				General Observations
				Preliminary Design Procedure
				Choice of Stub Girder Component Sizes
				Modeling of the Stub Girder
			Design Criteria For Stub Girders
				General Observations
				Governing Sections of the Stub Girder
				Design Checks for the Bottom Chord
				Design Checks for the Concrete Slab
				Design Checks for the Shear Transfer Regions
				Design of Stubs for Shear and Axial Load
				Design of Stud Shear Connectors
				Design of Welds between Stub and Bottom Chord
				Floor Beam Connections to Slab and Bottom Chord
				Connection of Bottom Chord to Supports
				Use of Stub Girder for Lateral Load System
				Deflection Checks
			Influence of Method of Construction
			Defining Terms
19.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Plate and Box Girders
			Introduction
			Stability of the Compression Flange
				Vertical Buckling
				Lateral Buckling
				Torsional Buckling
				Compression Flange of a Box Girder
			Web Buckling Due to In-Plane Bending
			Nominal Moment Strength
			Web Longitudinal Stiffeners for Bending Design
			Ultimate Shear Capacity of the Web
			Web Stiffeners for Shear Design
			Flexure-Shear Interaction
			Steel Plate Shear Walls
			In-Plane Compressive Edge Loading
			Eccentric Edge Loading
			Load-Bearing Stiffeners
			Web Openings
			Girders with Corrugated Webs
			Defining Terms
20.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Steel Bridge Construction
			Introduction
			Construction Engineering in Relation to Design Engineering
			Construction Engineering Can Be Critical
			Premises and Objectives of Construction Engineering
			Fabrication and Erection Information Shown onbreak Design Plans
			Erection Feasibility
			Illustrations of Challenges in Constructionbreak Engineering
			Obstacles to Effective Construction Engineering
			Examples of Inadequate Construction Engineering Allowances and Effort
			Considerations Governing Construction Engineering Practices
			Two General Approaches to Fabrication andbreak Erection of Bridge Steelwork
			Example of Arch Bridge Construction
			Which Construction Procedure Is To Be Preferred?
			Example of Suspension Bridge Cable Construction
			Example of Cable-Stayed Bridge Construction
			Field Checking at Critical Erection Stages
			Determination of Erection Strength Adequacy
			Philosophy of the Erection Rating Factor
			Minimum Erection Rating Factors
			Deficiencies of Typical Construction Procedurebreak Drawings and Instructions
			Shop and Field Liaison by Construction Engineers
			Construction Practices and Specifications---newline The Future
			Concluding Comments
			Further Illustrations
21.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Basic Principles of Shock Loading
			Introduction
			Requirements for Optimum Design
			Absorbing Kinetic Energy
			Material Properties for Optimum Design
			Section Properties for Optimum Design
			Detailing and Workmanship for Shock Loading
			An Example of Shock Loading
			Conclusions
			Defining Terms
			References
			Further Reading
22.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Welded Connections
			Introduction
			Joint and Weld Terminology
				Joint Types
				Weld Types
				Fillet Welds
				Complete Joint Penetration (CJP) Groove Welds
				Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) Groove Welds
				Double-Sided Welds
				Groove Weld Preparations
				Interaction of Joint Type and Weld Type
			Determining Weld Size
				Strength of Welded Connections
				Variables Affecting Welded Connection Strength
				Determining Throat Size for Tension or Shear Loads
				Determining Throat Size for Compressive Loads
				Determining Throat Size for Bending or Torsional Loads
				Treating the Weld as a Line to Find Weld Size
				Use Allowable Strength of Weld to Find Weld Size
				Applying the System to Any Welded Connection
				Sample Calculations Using This System
				Weld Size for Longitudinal Welds
				Minimum Weld Size
				Heat Input and Weld Size
				Required Weld vs. Minimum Weld Sizes
				Single-Pass Minimum Sized Welds
				Minimum Sized Groove Welds
			Principles of Design
				Transfer of Forces
				Minimize Weld Volumes
				Recognize Steel Properties
				Provide Ample Access for Welding
				No Secondary Members in Welded Design
				Residual Stresses in Welding
				Triaxial Stresses and Ductility
				Flat Position Welding
			Welded Joint Details
				Selection of Fillet vs. PJP Groove Welds
				Weld Backing
				Fusible Backing
				Removable Backing
				Copper Backing
				Weld Tabs
				Weld Access Holes
				Lamellar Tearing
			Design Examples of Specific Components
				Flexible Seat Angles
				Stiffened Seat Brackets
				Web Framing Angles
				Top Plate Connections
				Directly Connected Beam-to-Column Connections
			Understanding Ductile Behavior
				Two Residual Stresses Isolated
				Residual Stresses Applied
				Unique Aspects of Seismically Loaded Structures
			Materials
				Base Metal
				Weld Metal Properties
				Heat-Affected Zones
			Connection Details
				Weld Backing
				Weld Tabs
				Welds and Bolts Sharing Loads
				Weld Access Holes
			Achieving Ductile Behavior in Seismic Sections
				System Options
				Ductile Hinges in Connections
			Workmanship Requirements
				Purpose of the Welding Procedure Specification
				Effect of Welding Variables
				Fit-Up
				Field vs. Shop Welding
			Inspection
				In-Process Visual Inspection
				Nondestructive Testing
				Applications for Nondestructive Testing Methods
			Post-Northridge Assessment
				Minor Modifications to the SMRF Connection
				Coverplated Designs
				Flange Rib Connections
				Top and Bottom Haunch Connections
				Reduced Beam Section Connections
				Partially Restrained Connections
			Defining Terms
23.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Composite Connections
			Introduction
			Connection Behavior Classification
			PR Composite Connections
			Moment-Rotation (M-$theta $) Curves
			Design of Composite Connections in Braced Frames
			Design for Unbraced Frames
24.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Fatigue and Fracture
			Introduction
			Design and Evaluation of Structures for Fatigue
				Classification of Structural Details for Fatigue
				Scale Effects in Fatigue
				Distortion and Multiaxial Loading Effects in Fatigue
				The Effective Stress Range for Variable-Amplitude Loading
				Low-Cycle Fatigue Due to Seismic Loading
			Evaluation of Structural Details for Fracture
				Specification of Steel and Filler Metal
				Fracture Mechanics Analysis
			Summary
			Defining Terms
25.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Underground Pipe
			Introduction
			External Loads
				Overburden
				Surcharge at Grade
				Live Loads
				Seismic Loads
			Internal Loads
				Internal Pressure and Vacuum
				Pipe and Contents
			Design Methods
				General
				Flexible Design
				Rigid Design
			Joints
				General
				Joint Types
				Hydrostatic Testing
			Corrosion Protection
				Coatings
				Cathodic Protection
26.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Structural Reliability
			Introduction
				Definition of Reliability
				Introduction to Reliability-Based Design Concepts
			Basic Probability Concepts
				Random Variables and Distributions
				Moments
				Concept of Independence
				Examples
					EXAMPLE 26.1:
					EXAMPLE 26.2:
					EXAMPLE 26.3:
					EXAMPLE 26.4:
				Approximate Analysis of Moments
				Statistical Estimation and Distribution Fitting
			Basic Reliability Problem
				Basic Problem
				More Complicated Limit State Functions Reducible to Form
				Examples
					EXAMPLE 26.5:
					EXAMPLE 26.6:
					EXAMPLE 26.7:
					EXAMPLE 26.8:
			Generalized Reliability Problem
				Introduction
				Techniques
				Monte Carlo Simulation
			System Reliability
				Introduction
				Basic Systems
				Introduction to Classical System Reliability Theory
				Redundant Systems
				Examples
			Reliability-Based Design (Codes)
				Introduction
				and Selection of Target Reliabilities
				Material Properties and Design Values
				Design Loads and Load Combinations
				Evaluation of Load and Resistance Factors
			Defining Terms
			Acknowledgments
			References
			Further Reading
			Appendix
27.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Passive Energy Dissipation and Active Control
			Introduction
			Basic Principles and Methods of Analysis
				Single-Degree-of-Freedom Structural Systems
				Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Structural Systems
				Energy Formulations
				Energy-Based Design
			Recent Development and Applications
				Passive Energy Dissipation
				Active Control
			Code Development
			Concluding Remarks
28.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		An Innnovative Design For Steel Frame Using Advanced Analysisfootnotemark
			Introduction
			Practical Advanced Analysis
				Second-Order Refined Plastic Hinge Analysis
				Analysis of Semi-Rigid Frames
				Geometric Imperfection Methods
				Numerical Implementation
			Verifications
				Axially Loaded Columns
				Portal Frame
				Six-Story Frame
				Semi-Rigid Frame
			Analysis and Design Principles
				Design Format
				Loads
				Load Combinations
				Resistance Factors
				Section Application
				Modeling of Structural Members
				Modeling of Geometric Imperfection
				Load Application
				Analysis
				Load-Carrying Capacity
				Serviceability Limits
				Ductility Requirements
				Adjustment of Member Sizes
			Computer Program
				Program Overview
				Hardware Requirements
				Execution of Program
				Users' Manual
			Design Examples
				Roof Truss
				Unbraced Eight-Story Frame
				Two-Story Four-Bay Semi-Rigid Frame
			Defining Terms
29.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Welded Tubular  Connections---CHS Trusses
			Introduction
			Architecture
			Characteristics of Tubular Connections
			Nomenclature
			Failure Modes
				Local Failure
				General Collapse
				Unzipping or Progressive Failure
				Materials Problems
				Fatigue
			Reserve Strength
			Empirical Formulations
			Design Charts
				Joint Efficiency
				Derating Factor
			Application
			Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 30a.pdf
	Structural Engineering Handbook
		Contents	file://toc.pdf#page=2		Earthquake Damage to Structures
			30.1 Introduction
				Earthquakes
				Structural Damage
			30.2 Damage as a Result of Problem Soils
				Liquefaction
				Landslides
				Weak Clay
			30.3 Damage as a Result of Structural Problems
				Foundation Failure
				Foundation Connections
				Soft Story
				Torsional Moments
				Shear
				Flexural Failure
			Connection Problems	file://Chapter 30b.pdf#page=2				Problem Structures	file://Chapter 30b.pdf#page=5			30.4 Secondary Causes of Structural Damage	file://Chapter 30b.pdf#page=7				Surface Faulting	file://Chapter 30b.pdf#page=7				Damage Caused by Nearby Structures and Lifelines	file://Chapter 30b.pdf#page=8			30.5 Recent Improvements in Earthquake Performance	file://Chapter 30b.pdf#page=10				Soil Remediation Procedures	file://Chapter 30b.pdf#page=10					Gravel Drains: Ariake Quay-Wall Improvement Project	file://Chapter 30b.pdf#page=10					Deep Mixing Method: Kawaguchi City Embankment Project	file://Chapter 30b.pdf#page=11					Sand Compaction Pile Method: Ohgishima Island Tokyo Gas LNG Tank Project	file://Chapter 30b.pdf#page=12				Improving Slope Stability and Preventing Landslides	file://Chapter 30b.pdf#page=12				Soil-Structure Interaction to Improve Earthquake Response	file://Chapter 30b.pdf#page=14				Structural Elements that Prevent Damage and Improve Dynamic Response	file://Chapter 30b.pdf#page=15			Defining Terms	file://Chapter 30b.pdf#page=24			References	file://Chapter 30b.pdf#page=25			Further Reading	file://Chapter 30b.pdf#page=26Chapter 30b.pdf
				Structural Engineering Handbook	file://Chapter 30a.pdf#page=2		Contents	file://toc.pdf		Earthquake Damage to Structures	file://Chapter 30a.pdf#page=2			30.1 Introduction	file://Chapter 30a.pdf#page=2				Earthquakes	file://Chapter 30a.pdf#page=2				Structural Damage	file://Chapter 30a.pdf#page=4			30.2 Damage as a Result of Problem Soils	file://Chapter 30a.pdf#page=5				Liquefaction	file://Chapter 30a.pdf#page=5				Landslides	file://Chapter 30a.pdf#page=10				Weak Clay
				30.3 Damage as a Result of Structural Problems	file://Chapter 30a.pdf#page=22				Foundation Failure	file://Chapter 30a.pdf#page=22				Foundation Connections	file://Chapter 30a.pdf#page=24				Soft Story	file://Chapter 30a.pdf#page=25				Torsional Moments	file://Chapter 30a.pdf#page=26				Shear	file://Chapter 30a.pdf#page=31				Flexural Failure
				Connection Problems
				Problem Structures
			30.4 Secondary Causes of Structural Damage
				Surface Faulting
				Damage Caused by Nearby Structures and Lifelines
			30.5 Recent Improvements in Earthquake Performance
				Soil Remediation Procedures
					Gravel Drains: Ariake Quay-Wall Improvement Project
					Deep Mixing Method: Kawaguchi City Embankment Project
					Sand Compaction Pile Method: Ohgishima Island Tokyo Gas LNG Tank Project
				Improving Slope Stability and Preventing Landslides
				Soil-Structure Interaction to Improve Earthquake Response
				Structural Elements that Prevent Damage and Improve Dynamic Response
			Defining Terms
			References
			Further Reading