Structural Analysis of Polymeric Composite Materials

SURFACTANTS AND POLYMERS IN DRUG DELIVERY......Page 1
PREFACE......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 5
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION......Page 8
CONTENTS......Page 0
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SURFACTANTS......Page 9
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO POLYMERS......Page 16
1.3 SURFACE ACTIVITY OF DRUGS......Page 17
1.4 INTRODUCTION TO DRUG DELIVERY......Page 22
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 24
2.1 STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF MICELLAR SYSTEMS......Page 25
2.2 BLOCK COPOLYMER MICELLES......Page 33
2.3.1 SURFACE TENSION MEASUREMENTS......Page 42
2.3.2 LIGHT SCATTERING......Page 43
2.3.3 NMR......Page 44
2.4 MICELLAR SYSTEMS IN DRUG DELIVERY......Page 46
2.4.1 SOLUBILIZATION OF DRUGS IN MICELLAR SYSTEMS......Page 47
2.4.2 MICELLES IN INTRAVENOUS DRUG DELIVERY......Page 50
2.4.3 REVERSED MICELLES......Page 53
2.4.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN MICELLES AND OTHER SOLUBILIZING AGENTS......Page 54
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 55
3.1 ASSOCIATION STRUCTURES AND PACKING......Page 57
3.2 PHASE DIAGRAMS......Page 59
3.3 ASSOCIATION IN NONIONIC SURFACTANT SYSTEMS......Page 62
3.4 ASSOCIATION IN IONIC SURFACTANT SYSTEMS......Page 66
3.5 CUBIC PHASES......Page 68
3.6 LIQUID CRYSTALLINE PHASES FORMED BY PEOPPO- PEO BLOCK COPOLYMERS......Page 69
3.7 CHARACTERIZATION OF LIQUID CRYSTALLINE PHASES......Page 74
3.7.2 NMR......Page 75
3.8.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 76
3.8.2 TEMPERATURE-INDUCED PHASE TRANSITIONS......Page 79
3.8.3 DILUTION-INDUCED PHASE TRANSITIONS......Page 81
3.8.4 USE OF LIQUID CRYSTALLINE PHASES IN DRUG DELIVERY......Page 84
3.9.1 ADMINISTRATION TO THE ORAL CAVITY......Page 86
3.9.2 ADMINISTRATION TO THE SKIN......Page 87
3.9.4 RECTAL ADMINISTRATION......Page 90
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 92
4.1 PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF LIPOSOME SYSTEMS......Page 93
4.2 SOLUBILIZATION AND RELEASE FROM LIPOSOMES......Page 100
4.3 METHODS FOR INVESTIGATING LIPOSOME SYSTEMS......Page 103
4.3.2 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY......Page 104
4.3.3 DRUG RELEASE......Page 105
4.4 LIPOSOMES IN DRUG DELIVERY......Page 108
4.4.1 INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION......Page 109
4.4.2 TARGETING......Page 118
4.4.3 TOPICAL ADMINISTRATION......Page 119
4.4.4 GENE THERAPY......Page 125
4.4.5 OCULAR ADMINISTRATION......Page 131
4.4.6 PULMONARY ADMINISTRATION......Page 133
4.5 OTHER TYPES OF DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTALLINE PHASES......Page 134
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 137
5.1.1 MICROEMULSIONS AND EMULSIONS ARE FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT......Page 138
5.1.2 MICROEMULSION STRUCTURE......Page 139
5.1.3 MICROEMULSIONS FORMED BY IONIC SURFACTANTS......Page 141
5.1.4 MICROEMULSIONS FORMED BY NONIONIC SURFACTANTS......Page 144
5.2.1 METHODS BASED ON MASS TRANSPORT......Page 146
5.2.2 SCATTERING TECHNIQUES......Page 148
5.3 DRUG RELEASE FROM MICROEMULSIONS......Page 149
5.4 MICROEMULSIONS IN DRUG DELIVERY......Page 151
5.4.1 MICROEMULSIONS IN ORAL ADMINISTRATION......Page 152
5.4.2 MICROEMULSIONS FOR TOPICAL ADMINISTRATION......Page 159
5.4.3 OTHER ADMINISTRATION ROUTES FOR MICROEMULSIONS......Page 162
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 164
SURFACTANTS AND POLYMERS IN DRUG DELIVERY......Page 172
6.1 FORMATION OF EMULSIONS......Page 165
6.3 PHASE INVERSION OF EMULSIONS......Page 171
6.4 RHEOLOGY OF EMULSIONS......Page 177
6.5 DESTABILIZATION OF EMULSIONS......Page 180
6.6 MULTIPLE EMULSIONS......Page 186
6.7 EMULSIONS IN DRUG DELIVERY......Page 187
6.7.1 EMULSIONS IN PARENTERAL DRUG DELIVERY......Page 189
6.7.2 EMULSIONS IN ORAL DRUG DELIVERY......Page 193
6.7.3 EMULSIONS IN DERMAL DRUG DELIVERY......Page 195
6.8 EMULSIONS AS PRECURSORS FOR SLN......Page 196
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 203
7.1 AEROSOLS......Page 204
7.2 BUBBLES AND FOAMS......Page 206
7.3 PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF AEROSOLS......Page 210
7.4 PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF BUBBLES AND FOAMS......Page 211
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 216
8.1.1 POLYMER CONFORMATION......Page 217
8.1.2 THERMODYNAMICS OF POLYMER SOLUTIONS......Page 218
8.1.3 POLYELECTROLYTES......Page 222
8.2 POLYMER-SURFACTANT INTERACTIONS......Page 224
8.3 POLYMER GELS......Page 228
8.3.1 CHEMICALLY CROSS-LINKED GELS......Page 229
8.3.2 GELS FORMED BY POLYSACCHARIDES......Page 231
8.3.4 GELS FORMED BY POLYMER-SURFACTANT MIXTURES......Page 237
8.4 CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMER SOLUTIONS AND GELS......Page 240
8.5 RESPONSIVE POLYMER SYSTEMS......Page 244
8.6.1 CHEMICALLY CROSS-LINKED GELS......Page 247
8.6.2 GELS FORMED BY POLYSACCHARIDES......Page 249
8.6.4 POLYMER-SURFACTANT MIXTURES......Page 254
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 261
9.1 INTERACTION BETWEEN PARTICLES......Page 262
9.2 INTERACTION BETWEEN PARTICLES AND SURFACES......Page 270
9.3 METHODS FOR STUDYING POLYMER PARTICLE SYSTEMS......Page 271
9.3.1 DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING......Page 272
9.3.2 LIGHT DIFFRACTION......Page 273
9.3.4 MICROSCOPY......Page 274
9.3.5 ELECTROKINETIC METHODS......Page 277
9.3.6 ACOUSTIC METHODS......Page 279
9.4.2 RELEASE FROM POLYMER PARTICLES......Page 280
9.4.3 ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF PARTICLES......Page 283
9.5 BIOADHESION......Page 285
9.6 ORAL VACCINES......Page 289
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 291
SURFACTANTS AND POLYMERS IN DRUG DELIVERY......Page 303
10.1 BIODEGRADATION OF POLYMERS......Page 293
10.2 BIODEGRADATION OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS......Page 312
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 316
CHAPTER 11: DRYING OF FORMULATIONS CONTAINING SURFACTANTS AND POLYMERS......Page 318
11.1.1 SPRAY-DRYING OF AQUEOUS PROTEIN SOLUTIONS......Page 319
11.1.2 SPRAY-DRYING OF O/ W EMULSIONS......Page 320
11.1.3 SPRAY-DRYING OF AQUEOUS POLYMERIC TWO-PHASE SYSTEMS......Page 323
11.2 FREEZE-DRYING......Page 325
11.3 DRYING OF SELF-ASSEMBLED STRUCTURES......Page 331
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 334