Stressors in the marine environment : physiological and ecological responses; societal implications

Content: Cover
 Contents
 List of Contributors
 Plates
 Part I Physiological Responses
 1 Effects of salinity as a stressor to aquatic invertebrates Chris Hauton 
 Chris Hauton 
 1.1 Introduction
 1.2 An overview of the mechanisms for osmotic control
 1.3 The cellular stress response (CSR) to salinity perturbation
 1.4 The cellular homeostatic response (CHR) and maintenance of cell volume
 1.5 The energetic and metabolic requirements of osmotic control and the consequences for organism fitness
 1.6 Physiological and endocrine responses to salinity stress 1.7 Impacts of salinity exposure on ontogeny, larval settlement, and growth1.8 Impacts of salinity stress on immune function, the incidence of disease, and tissue pathology
 1.9 Summary
 2 Respiratory responses of marine animals to environmental hypoxia 
 John I. Spicer 
 2.1 Introduction
 2.2 Oxyregulators and oxyconformers
 2.3 Potential respiratory responses to environmental hypoxia
 2.4 Perspectives
 3 Physiological effects of ocean acidification on animal calcifiers 
 Inna M. Sokolova, Omera B. Matoo, Gary H. Dickinson, and Elia Beniash 
 3.1 Introduction
 3.2 Corals
 3.3 Molluscs 3.4 Crustaceans3.5 Echinoderms
 3.6 Conclusions and perspectives
 4 Physiological responses of marine invertebrates to thermal stress
 Nia M. Whiteley and Clara L. Mackenzie 
 4.1 Introduction
 4.2 Thermal dependency of physiological responses: underlying principles and concepts
 4.3 Repair mechanisms during short-term thermal challenges
 4.3.1 Protection against protein denaturation
 4.3.2 Protection against oxidative stress
 4.4 Variation in physiological responses to thermal stress across marine environments
 4.4.1 Physiological variations with latitude 4.4.2 Physiological variations with vertical zonation4.5 Future threats: physiological responses to multiple stressors
 4.5.1 Physiological responses to warming and ocean acidification
 4.5.2 Physiological responses to warming and hypoxia
 4.5.3 Physiological responses to warming and salinity stress
 4.6 Conclusions
 5 Physiological impacts of chemical pollutants in marine animals 
 Ceri Lewis and Eduarda M. Santos
 5.1 Introduction
 5.2 Oxidative stress
 5.3 Genotoxicity in marine organisms
 5.4 Immunotoxicity in marine organisms
 5.5 Endocrine disruption
 5.6 Spermiotoxicity 5.7 Mechanical harm-marine plastics5.8 Combined effects of multiple stressors
 5.8.1 Ocean acidification and contaminant interactions
 5.8.2 Hypoxia and chemical stress
 5.9 Conclusion
 6 Nitrogen stress in the marine environment: from scarcity to surfeit
 Erica B. Young and John A. Berges 
 6.1 Introduction
 6.1.1 Nitrogen forms that need to be considered
 6.1.2 The spectrum of nitrogen stress
 6.1.3 Some important concepts and definitions
 6.1.4 Our approach and major paradigms
 6.2 Nitrogen stress in photoautotrophs
 6.2.1 Microalgae
 6.2.2 Marine macroalgae