Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster

Cover Page......Page 1
Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster......Page 2
Introduction......Page 6
Bibliography......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
List of Contributors......Page 14
I. Introduction – Evolution – An Thropology......Page 20
Indigenous Peoples' Responses to Conquest......Page 554
Some Earlier, Mostly Philosophical Views of Human Nature......Page 22
Innate, that is, Natural Sources of Tension......Page 26
Some Research in the Neurophysiology of Assertive and Violent Behavior......Page 27
Research in Nerves......Page 28
Glossary......Page 30
Situations in Which Stress Is Useful......Page 31
Cost-Benefit Trade-Offs......Page 32
Adrenal Cortical Response......Page 33
Adaptive Regulation of Stress Responsiveness......Page 34
Further Reading......Page 35
Glossary......Page 36
Evolution by Natural Selection......Page 37
Gene-Based Evolutionary Theory and Inclusive Fitness......Page 38
Conflicts with Kin and Nonkin......Page 39
The Cinderella Effect and Conflicts of Reproduction......Page 40
Sex Differences in Reproductive Opportunities......Page 41
The Yanomamö Killers......Page 43
Evolution of Sexual Violence......Page 44
Adaptations, Law, and Morality......Page 46
Glossary......Page 47
Overview......Page 48
Classic Ethnographic Studies......Page 49
Modes of Settling Conflicts, Including Ritual......Page 50
The Place of Language Forms and Discourse in Disputing......Page 51
The Anthropology of War, and Warfare in `Tribal´ Contexts......Page 52
Violence, Ethnicity, and Nationalism......Page 53
Homicide and Suicide......Page 54
Female Genital Mutilation......Page 55
Terror and Terrorism: The Role of the Imagination......Page 56
Further Reading......Page 57
Glossary......Page 58
Paradigms on Social Conflict......Page 59
Relative Deprivation and Basic Needs......Page 60
Social Identity, Gender, and Violence......Page 61
Functionalism and Social Integration......Page 62
Class Conflict and Agency......Page 63
Functions of Conflict......Page 64
Implications for Conflict Resolution......Page 65
Further Reading......Page 66
II. Neurobiology, Neurochemistry – Animal Models......Page 68
Introduction......Page 70
Combat Stress Reaction and Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 71
Adrenal Hormones/Neurotransmitters......Page 74
Serotonin......Page 75
Catecholamines (Norepinephrine, Dopamine) and Related Compounds......Page 79
Peptides......Page 80
Monoamine Oxidase......Page 81
Cholesterol......Page 82
Further Reading......Page 83
Predispositions and Precipitants......Page 451
Glossary......Page 84
Why Natural Selection Can Produce Aggressive Behavior......Page 85
Understanding Aggression in Animals: Game Theory in Evolutionary Studies......Page 86
Respect for Ownership......Page 87
Neighbors and Dear Enemies......Page 88
Conflicts in Social Groups......Page 89
Reproductive Skew Theory and Dominance Hierarchies......Page 90
Aggression in Sexual Contexts......Page 91
Summary......Page 92
Glossary......Page 93
Definitions......Page 94
Functions of Aggression......Page 95
Aggression in a Social Context......Page 96
The Control of Aggressive Sequences......Page 97
Losing, Dominance, and Territoriality......Page 98
Restoring Peace......Page 99
Further Reading......Page 100
III. Psychological, Sociological And Behavioral Substrates for Conflict, Violence and War......Page 102
Conceptions of Aggression......Page 104
Seeking the Others´ Injury......Page 105
The question of automatic-impulsive aggression......Page 106
Movie and television violence......Page 107
Frustration......Page 108
Associations with the perceived source of the experienced displeasure......Page 109
Appraisals and Attributions......Page 110
Aggressive Personalities: Hostile Expectations and Weak Restraints against Aggression......Page 111
Conclusion......Page 112
Glossary......Page 113
Territoriality: Inside the Walls Is Safe, Outside the Walls Is Dangerous......Page 114
The Stranger Is Unpredictable and Terrifying......Page 116
Strange Ideas and Experiences Are Terrifying......Page 117
Motivation for Aggression: The Strange Is Demonic and Should be Destroyed......Page 118
Intergroup Violence......Page 119
Mass Violence......Page 121
Further Reading......Page 123
Glossary......Page 124
Cognitive Influences in Social Contexts......Page 125
Three Kinds of Violence: Episodic, Structural, and Cultural......Page 126
Analysis of Conflict and Violence at Multiple Levels......Page 127
Social Psychology of Peace-making......Page 129
Pursuing more Equitable Relations......Page 130
Reconstructing War-Torn Societies......Page 131
Institutionalization of Violence......Page 132
Introduction......Page 133
Specter of Security and the Cult of Violence......Page 134
The State as a Source of Violence......Page 135
`Development´ and Violence......Page 136
Countervailing Tendencies......Page 137
Mass Media, General View......Page 138
The Age of Enlightenment......Page 139
Marxism......Page 140
Classic Sociology......Page 141
The Social Sciences after World War II......Page 142
The Contemporary Theoretical Situation......Page 143
Further Reading......Page 144
Origins of the Concept......Page 145
Relationships between Direct and Indirect Violence......Page 147
Structural Violence in Peace Research and Peace Action......Page 149
Further Reading......Page 151
IV. War Precursors......Page 154
Introduction......Page 156
Warrior Societies......Page 157
Training......Page 158
War Honors......Page 159
Trophies......Page 160
Avoiding the Demands of Warriorhood......Page 161
The Dynamics of Gang Involvement......Page 162
States......Page 163
Glossary......Page 165
Gangs in History......Page 166
Gender and Gangs......Page 167
Gangs and Delinquency......Page 168
Entering and Leaving Gangs......Page 169
Types of Response......Page 170
Major Gang Initiatives......Page 171
Clan and Tribal Conflict......Page 172
Glossary......Page 267
Cause of Feuding and Internal War......Page 173
Bands......Page 174
Infrastructure......Page 175
What They Are......Page 176
Why Military Organizations?......Page 177
Basic Pattern of Warfare......Page 178
Further Reading......Page 179
Glossary......Page 180
Civil Society, Violence, and War in Historical Perspective......Page 181
Civil Society and the Cold War......Page 182
Women and the War System......Page 184
Military Education and Training......Page 185
Collective Memory......Page 186
Political and Social Trends......Page 187
Conclusion: Viewed through a Gendered Lens......Page 188
Further Reading......Page 189
Further Reading......Page 586
Ritual and Symbolic Behavior among Animals......Page 190
Ritual and Symbolic Behavior among People......Page 191
Ritual and Conflict......Page 192
Ritual, Symbolic Action, and Building Peace......Page 194
What is Folklore?......Page 196
Folklore in Primarily Peaceful Contexts......Page 197
Folklore and Violence......Page 199
Folklore and War......Page 201
Prospects for Future Research......Page 204
Glossary......Page 205
The need for force......Page 206
The resistance to killing......Page 207
Posturing as a psychological weapon......Page 208
Distance as a psychological weapon......Page 209
Conditioning as a psychological weapon......Page 210
The Chariot......Page 211
The Roman System......Page 212
The Age of Projectile Weapons......Page 213
Advances in Weapons Effectiveness......Page 214
Advances in Medical Effectiveness......Page 215
Military Conditioning as Entertainment for Children......Page 216
Conclusion: The Future of Weapons Evolution......Page 217
Further Reading......Page 218
The Meaning of Civil Society......Page 219
Civil Society on a Global Scale......Page 221
Civil Society in Contemporary War and Peace......Page 225
Further Reading......Page 227
Glossary......Page 228
Discipline......Page 229
From punitive to positive social control......Page 230
Professional Ethos......Page 231
Ceremony and Etiquette......Page 232
Cohesion and Esprit de Corps......Page 233
A Cautionary Note......Page 235
Bearers of Military Culture in Civilian Society......Page 239
Civilian Reception of Military Culture......Page 240
Relevant Websites......Page 241
V. Wars......Page 242
The Nature and Character of War......Page 244
Stress Model......Page 750
The Trend toward Total War......Page 245
The Impact of Nuclear Weapons......Page 246
The Trend toward Irregular Warfare......Page 247
The Decline of War......Page 248
Canadian prisoners of war......Page 525
International Efforts to Prevent War......Page 249
Constraints on Warfare......Page 250
Information Age Warfare......Page 251
The Changing Character of Irregular Warfare......Page 252
Further Reading......Page 254
Economic Causes of War and Peace......Page 255
Introduction......Page 689
A Brief History of the Economic Causes of War and Peace......Page 256
War and Peace in the World of Early Agriculture......Page 257
War and Peace and the Rise of the State......Page 258
The Rise of Capitalism......Page 259
War as Evolutionary Strategy......Page 261
Mainstream Economic Theories of War and Peace......Page 262
Group Commitment......Page 263
Loyalty to Leaders in Modern Times......Page 264
The Socioeconomic Dynamics of Peace Creation......Page 265
Definition of Civil War......Page 268
Types of Civil War......Page 269
Correlates of Civil War......Page 270
Expansion of Civil Wars......Page 271
Resolution of Civil Wars......Page 273
Conclusion......Page 274
Further Reading......Page 275
World War I in World History......Page 276
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland......Page 277
United States......Page 278
Use of New Weapons and Technologies......Page 279
Worldwide Warfare......Page 280
Course of Events......Page 281
Peace Settlement and War Guilt Debate......Page 282
Further Reading......Page 287
The Origins of World War II......Page 288
The Expansion of the Axis (1939-42)......Page 291
The Turning of the Tide (1942-43)......Page 294
Nations at War......Page 295
The Defeat of the Axis (1943-45)......Page 297
Aftermath......Page 299
Introduction......Page 300
Some Complexities of Definition(s)......Page 301
What Genocide Is Not......Page 302
Active and Passive Democide......Page 303
How Many at a Time, How Many Altogether......Page 304
Strategic-Tactical: Dominance Maintaining/Intimidating/Threat Controlling......Page 305
Genocidal and Other Democidal Massacres......Page 306
Pre-Twentieth Century......Page 307
Twentieth Century through 1945......Page 308
Twentieth Century after 1945......Page 309
East Pakistan/East Bengal/Bangladesh......Page 310
Participants......Page 311
Perpetrators......Page 312
Causes of Genocide, Politicide, and Other Forms of Democide......Page 313
Biological and sociobiological interpretations......Page 314
Individually oriented perspectives......Page 315
Judicial and Other Archives, Investigations, and Reports......Page 316
Intended Mass Extinctions of Human Beings at the Millennial Turn......Page 317
Public Awareness of Democide......Page 318
Casual Remembrances, Unforgettable Memories, Vague Recollections......Page 319
Further Reading......Page 320
Glossary......Page 321
Classification of Chemical Weapons......Page 322
Miscellaneous Lesser Chemical Warfare Agents......Page 323
Further Reading......Page 324
Suicide and Other Violence Toward the Self......Page 325
World War II......Page 326
Post-World War II......Page 327
Article VI: Activities not prohibited under this convention......Page 328
Article XII: Measures to redress a situation and to ensure compliance, including sanctions......Page 329
Article VII......Page 331
Further Reading......Page 332
Fission Bombs......Page 333
The Effects of Nuclear Weapons......Page 335
Nuclear Weapons and the Character of War......Page 337
The Strategy of Deterrence......Page 338
Nuclear Targeting......Page 339
Central Deterrence......Page 341
Extended Deterrence......Page 343
The Role of Arms Control......Page 344
Where Are We Today?......Page 345
Further Reading......Page 346
Hiroshima Bombing, Stress  Effects of......Page 347
Further Reading......Page 350
Evaluating the Threat......Page 351
Nuclear Warfare Anxiety......Page 352
How Do the Nuclear Anxious Differ from Others?......Page 353
Health Risks of the Gulf War......Page 354
Psychological Symptoms in Persian Gulf Veterans......Page 355
Psychological Symptoms in Civilians Affected by the Persian Gulf War......Page 356
Physical Symptoms in Gulf War Veterans......Page 357
Acknowledgments......Page 358
Korean Conflict, Stress Effects of......Page 359
Summary......Page 360
Glossary......Page 361
Early Survey of Survivors of Violence......Page 362
The Kegworth Air Disaster......Page 363
Theoretical Model Used in Debriefing......Page 364
How Guerrillas Fight......Page 365
Defeating Guerrillas......Page 366
The Vendee......Page 367
The American Civil War......Page 368
The Philippines: Aguinaldo......Page 369
Greece......Page 370
The Philippines: The Huks......Page 371
Cuba, Castro, and Guevara......Page 372
French Indochina......Page 373
The Americans and Vietnam......Page 374
Afghanistan......Page 375
And the Future......Page 376
Glossary......Page 377
Women as Direct Casualties......Page 378
Wartime Sexual Violence against Women......Page 379
Prostitution......Page 380
Loss of Family......Page 381
Military Spending......Page 382
Soldiers......Page 383
Mourning......Page 384
Essentialism versus Difference......Page 385
Women and Collective Organizing......Page 386
Women Making Policy......Page 387
Further Reading......Page 388
Relevant Websites......Page 389
VI. Terrorism......Page 390
Glossary......Page 392
Effects of Terrorism on Victims......Page 393
The Effect of Terrorism on Society......Page 394
Glossary......Page 395
The Success of Suicide Terrorism......Page 397
Sponsoring-Groups Motivations......Page 398
Individual Motivations......Page 399
Trauma-Based Motivations......Page 400
Alienation, Marginalization, Loss of Identity, Secondary Traumatization, and Desire for Life Meaningfulness, Belonging, and He.......Page 401
Societal Support for Suicide Terrorism......Page 402
Further Reading......Page 403
Researching the Impact of Disasters on Elderly People - Some Methodological Issues......Page 404
What Happened to the Elderly at Lockerbie......Page 405
What Do We Know about the Response of Elderly People to Experiencing Disasters?......Page 406
Further Reading......Page 407
Effects on Survivors......Page 408
Emergency Personnel and Disaster Mental Health......Page 409
Glossary......Page 410
The Who, What, Where, How, and Why of 9/11......Page 411
Paradoxes about Post-9/11 Stress, Suicide, and Religion......Page 412
Muslims and Mental Health after 9/11......Page 413
Jewish Issues Associated with 9/11 Stress......Page 415
Glossary......Page 416
Historical Examples......Page 417
Violence in Religious Symbolism......Page 418
Varieties of Violence......Page 419
Sanctions for Violence......Page 420
Varieties of Nonviolence......Page 423
Sanctions for Nonviolence......Page 424
Ultimate Nonviolence: The Eschatological Hope......Page 425
Glossary......Page 426
Theory......Page 427
Patient 2......Page 428
Research......Page 429
Stress Management in War......Page 430
Glossary......Page 431
The Nature of the Threat......Page 432
Strategies for Combating Bioterrorism......Page 433
Diplomacy......Page 434
Deterrence......Page 435
Physical protection......Page 436
Postattack medical response......Page 437
Attack detection and identification......Page 438
Medical logistics and the prophylaxis campaign......Page 440
Decontamination......Page 441
Further Reading......Page 442
Relevant Websites......Page 443
VII. Combat Reaction and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 444
Introduction......Page 446
Risk Factors for Combat Stress Reaction......Page 447
Treatment of Combat Stress Reaction......Page 448
Prevention of Combat Stress Reaction......Page 449
Further Reading......Page 450
Treatment......Page 452
Prevention......Page 453
Introduction......Page 454
Glossary......Page 701
Treatment......Page 455
Difficulties in Defining Altruism......Page 802
Problems with a Diagnosis of PTSD......Page 458
Psychological Effects of Combat......Page 459
Introduction: A Legacy of Lies......Page 460
Psychiatric Casualties in War......Page 461
Physiological Arousal and Fear......Page 462
The Trauma of Close-Range, Interpersonal Aggression......Page 463
The Physiology of Close Combat......Page 464
A Resistance to Killing......Page 465
The Price of Overcoming the Resistance to Killing......Page 466
Further Reading......Page 468
Methods......Page 469
Results......Page 470
Discussion......Page 471
Glossary......Page 474
The Vietnam War......Page 475
Key Concerns......Page 729
Later Research......Page 476
Psychobiological and Biomedical Findings......Page 477
Studies of Other Veteran Populations after Vietnam......Page 479
Conclusion......Page 480
Further Reading......Page 481
Traumatic Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, the Israeli Experience......Page 482
The Yom Kippur War and Lebanon Wars......Page 483
Lessons from the Persian Gulf War......Page 484
Classroom cooperation to achieve individual grades......Page 855
Physiological Arousal and Posttraumatic Disorder......Page 485
Further Reading......Page 486
Historical and Political Background of the Conflict......Page 487
Effects on Health......Page 488
Effects on Mortality......Page 489
Effects on Social Behavior and Violence......Page 490
War-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Treatment of......Page 491
Assessment and Diagnosis......Page 492
Summary......Page 493
Glossary......Page 494
Unique Stressors of Peacekeeping......Page 495
Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 496
Introduction......Page 497
Genetic Factors......Page 498
Biological and Psychosocial Influences Between Birth and Mobilization/Deployment......Page 499
Post-deployment Stress......Page 500
Summary......Page 501
Further Reading......Page 502
Introduction......Page 503
Summary......Page 504
Gulf War Syndrome, Psychological and Chemical Stressors......Page 506
The Blood-Brain Barrier Is Disrupted under Stress......Page 507
Early Immediate Response Genes Modulate Acute Stress Signals......Page 508
Poststress Changes Are Long-Lasting......Page 509
Acetylcholinesterase Accumulation Confers Protection against Anticholinesterases......Page 510
Delayed Nervous System Deterioration under Persistent Acetylcholinesterase Overexpression......Page 511
Retrospective and Prospective Implications......Page 512
Introduction......Page 513
Study design and population......Page 514
Discussion......Page 515
Acknowledgments......Page 518
Gulf War Illnesses......Page 519
VIII. Prisoners of War and Torture......Page 522
U.S. World War II and Korean prisoners of war......Page 524
Separation and Dislocation......Page 784
Etiological Factors......Page 526
Summary......Page 527
Further Reading......Page 688
Stage II: Disbelief......Page 528
Stage IV: Resistance/Compliance......Page 529
Stage VI: Eventual Acceptance......Page 530
Further Reading......Page 531
Stage II - Hyperarousal......Page 532
Stage V - Restitution......Page 533
Stage VI - Gradual Readjustment......Page 534
Further Reading......Page 535
Torture in the World Today......Page 536
Physical Torture......Page 537
The Effect of Torture......Page 538
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Torture Survivors......Page 539
Postmodern Perspective......Page 540
The Disutility of State Torture Model......Page 541
Glossary......Page 542
Introduction......Page 543
The Effects of Venting Unit 2......Page 776
Recruitment of State Torturers......Page 544
Expediency Perspective......Page 545
Threat Assessment Perspective......Page 546
International Responses to the Use of State Torture......Page 548
Conclusion......Page 549
Further Reading......Page 550
IX. Impact of War on Civilians......Page 552
A. Indigenous and Civilian Populations......Page 553
Communication Studies, Overview......Page 648
Who are Indigenous Peoples?......Page 555
Indigenous Peoples and Conquest......Page 556
Indigenous Peoples´ Responses in Settler States......Page 559
The United States......Page 560
Canada......Page 561
New Zealand......Page 562
Australia......Page 563
Indigenous Resistance in Central and South America......Page 565
Conclusion......Page 566
Chernobyl, Stress Effects of......Page 567
Trends in Conflict......Page 568
Impact on Health Reveals Impact on Health System......Page 569
Methodological Issues......Page 570
War and Political Violence in the Twentieth Century......Page 571
Current Understanding of Mental Health Consequences......Page 572
Physical Health Consequences of Modern Warfare......Page 573
Terrorism......Page 574
Costs Relating to the Health Consequences of War and Political Violence......Page 575
Conclusions......Page 576
Glossary......Page 577
Introduction......Page 578
Access to Services......Page 579
Health Services Activity......Page 580
Human Resources......Page 581
Policy shifts......Page 582
Positive Effects of Conflict on Health Systems......Page 584
Postconflict Challenges......Page 585
Introduction: Beyond the Body Count......Page 587
The Concept of Trauma......Page 588
Social Maps......Page 589
Cumulative Risk Model......Page 591
Competence and Resilient Coping......Page 592
Demographics of War......Page 594
Compensatory and Reactionary Realignment of Family Structure: A Case Study......Page 595
Displacement......Page 596
Parental adjustment......Page 597
Conclusion......Page 598
Further Reading......Page 851
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder......Page 599
Transcultural Issues......Page 600
Defenses......Page 601
Early intervention approaches......Page 602
Psychological therapy......Page 603
Populations Exposed to Persecution and Conflict Including Refugees and Asylum-Seekers......Page 604
Case Study......Page 605
Further Reading......Page 606
Glossary......Page 607
History and Overview of the Field......Page 608
Definitions and Theories......Page 609
Systemic or Secondary Traumatic Stress Models......Page 610
Desensitization and the Reciprocal Inhibition Hypothesis......Page 611
The Forms of Treatment for the Traumatized......Page 612
Treatment Approaches in Traumatology......Page 613
Conclusion......Page 614
Further Reading......Page 615
Introduction......Page 617
Differentiating between Acute Mental Health Symptoms That Will Probably Abate and Those That Will Develop into Long-Term or .........Page 618
The Role of Biological Studies in Helping to Identify Pathological Responses......Page 619
Glossary......Page 620
The Epidemiology of Suicide......Page 621
Social Causation Theories......Page 622
Explaining Individual Suicides......Page 623
Suicidal Murderers and Murderous Suicides......Page 624
Suicide in German Concentration and Extermination Camps......Page 625
Prevention of Suicide......Page 626
Relevant Websites......Page 627
B. Holocaust Survivors – Refugees......Page 628
Physical Effects......Page 629
Psychiatric Effects......Page 630
Further Reading......Page 631
Roundups and deportation......Page 632
Coping and defenses......Page 633
Psychosocial and psychiatric sequelae......Page 634
Adult Survivors......Page 635
Further Reading......Page 636
Wartime Situations......Page 637
Stress and Trauma Experiences on the Moral and Spiritual Levels......Page 638
Glossary......Page 639
Protective Factors......Page 640
Psychiatric Disorders......Page 641
History of the Concept of Survivor Guilt......Page 642
Social Responses......Page 643
Further Reading......Page 644
X. Economics and Costs of War......Page 646
Macroeconomic Implications of War......Page 650
Toward Measuring the Cost of War......Page 651
Further Reading......Page 653
Economics of War and Peace, Overview......Page 654
Conflict Resolution......Page 655
Economic Conversion and the Peace Dividend......Page 656
Inequity as Violence......Page 657
Dynamics of Arms Races and Strategic Stability......Page 658
United Nations Reform......Page 659
Financing the United Nations System......Page 661
New Aspects of International Security: Searching for Peace......Page 663
Further Reading......Page 665
Introduction......Page 666
The Israeli-Arab Conflict: A Timeline66Extracted from Abu-Qarn and Abu-Bader (2008).......Page 667
Econometric Methodologies......Page 669
Data Description and Sources......Page 670
Results......Page 671
Summary and Conclusions......Page 674
Further Reading......Page 675
XI. Communications – Relevance for War......Page 676
Interpersonal Conflict, Culture, and Organizations......Page 678
Developmental and Intergroup Parameters of Interpersonal Conflict......Page 680
A Cognitive-Communication Model......Page 681
Aggression......Page 682
Desensitization......Page 683
Social Learning Theory......Page 684
Excitation Transfer......Page 685
Laboratory studies......Page 686
Field experiments......Page 687
How the Institution of Language Shapes Perception and Behavior......Page 690
Linguistic Violence......Page 691
The Language of War......Page 692
The Use of Euphemisms for War......Page 693
The Use of Propaganda in War......Page 694
Imposition of Warist Discourse as Legitimate......Page 695
The Language of Negative Peace......Page 697
The Language of Positive Peace......Page 698
Selective Advantages of Complex Language......Page 702
Communication as Sense-Making Practice......Page 703
Miscommunication......Page 704
Symbolic Violence......Page 705
Ethnic Conflict......Page 707
Third-Party Intervention......Page 708
Alternatives to Violence......Page 709
Further Reading......Page 711
Introduction......Page 712
Definition......Page 713
Preparation for Mediation......Page 714
Postmediation Activities......Page 715
Mediation Strategies and Tactics......Page 716
Negotiation......Page 717
Further Reading......Page 719
Glossary......Page 720
How Are We Influenced by the Mass Media?......Page 721
Issues to Consider About Media Effects......Page 723
Defining Violence in the Media......Page 724
Current Social Scientific Views on Media Violence and Aggressive Behavior......Page 725
Critical Viewing......Page 727
Further Reading......Page 728
Israel......Page 730
Australasia......Page 731
The Meaning of Violence......Page 732
Insights from Viewers´ Perceptions......Page 733
Types of Evidence......Page 734
Correlational surveys......Page 735
Natural experiments......Page 736
Intervention studies......Page 737
Violence in Factual Programs......Page 738
Conflict in the News......Page 739
Research, Regulation, and Control......Page 740
Further Reading......Page 741
Points of Agreement and Disagreement With Anderson et al.......Page 742
Publication Bias Exists in VVG Studies......Page 743
Is Psychology Inventing a Phantom Youth Violence Crisis?......Page 744
Further Reading......Page 746
XII. Disasters......Page 748
Pilot Error......Page 751
Risk Factors......Page 752
Further Reading......Page 753
The Chernobyl Accident: Health Consequences......Page 754
On-Site Consequences......Page 755
Short-Term Stress Effects......Page 756
Short- and Long-Term Stress Effects in Far-Off Areas......Page 757
Glossary......Page 758
Medium-Term Effects......Page 759
Late Phase Adaptation - Anger and Physical Symptoms......Page 760
Resolution or Symptom Development......Page 761
Relevant Website......Page 762
Introduction and Background......Page 763
Early Adaptation - the Disbelief and Denial Response......Page 765
Mid-Phase Adaptation - Intrusions......Page 766
Special Populations......Page 767
Further Reading......Page 768
Hurricane Katrina......Page 769
Health Issues......Page 770
Further Reading......Page 771
Specific Phobia......Page 772
Major Depressive Disorder......Page 773
What Predicts Remission of Psychological Disorder?......Page 774
Glossary......Page 775
Further Reading......Page 777
Features of Disaster Syndrome......Page 778
Ensuing Disaster Phases......Page 779
Glossary......Page 780
Disaster Stressors......Page 781
Life Threat and Traumatic Injury......Page 782
Personal losses......Page 783
Previous Exposure......Page 785
The Elderly......Page 786
Recovery Environment......Page 787
Further Reading......Page 788
Emergency Personnel, Stress in......Page 789
Recognition of the Problem......Page 790
Predictors......Page 791
Biological Factors......Page 792
Interventions......Page 793
Glossary......Page 794
Cardiovascular Stress......Page 795
Psychological Stress......Page 796
Further Reading......Page 797
XIII. Altruism – Cooper Ation......Page 798
Glossary......Page 800
A Tentative Consensus for Defining Aggression......Page 801
Cultural Variation in Conflict Strategies......Page 803
Cultures with Low Levels of Aggression......Page 804
Variation in Altruism......Page 805
Case Study: The Peaceful Semai and the Aggressive Waorani......Page 806
Evolutionary and Cultural Considerations of Kin Selection and Reciprocal Altruism......Page 807
Beyond Nature versus Nurture......Page 809
An Example: The Learning of Peacefulness or Aggressiveness among Zapotec Children......Page 810
Indirect Aggression......Page 811
Conclusions......Page 812
Further Reading......Page 813
Glossary......Page 814
The Existence and Nature of Peaceful Societies......Page 815
The Peacefulness-Aggressiveness Continuum......Page 817
Cultural changes in aggressiveness/peacefulness over time......Page 819
The Importance of Belief Systems......Page 820
Socialization for Peace......Page 821
Egalitarianism......Page 823
Internalization of Self-Restraint......Page 824
Third-Party Involvement in Conflict Resolution......Page 825
Conclusions......Page 826
Peace Culture......Page 827
Conceptual Dimensions of Peace Culture......Page 828
Cultures of War and Peace in the Historical Record......Page 829
Historical Utopianism......Page 830
Historical Background......Page 831
Historical Background......Page 832
The Concept of Women´s Culture......Page 833
Conceptual Contributions to Peace Culture......Page 834
Peace Journeying......Page 835
Basic Social Bonding......Page 836
The Mbuti......Page 837
Celebration and ritual......Page 838
Sanctuaries and zones of peace......Page 839
Relevant Websites......Page 840
Introduction......Page 841
Conflict Management......Page 842
Approaches to Conflict......Page 843
Deterrence Model......Page 844
Alternative Dispute Resolution Model......Page 845
Negotiation......Page 846
Arbitration......Page 847
Mediation......Page 848
Negotiated Rule Making......Page 849
The Context of Application......Page 850
General Overview of Cooperation and Conflict......Page 852
The robbers cave studies......Page 854
Games and payoffs......Page 856
Panic: A PD interpretation of an emotional environment......Page 857
Pilisuk and Skolnick: Converting missiles......Page 858
Kelman´s Israeli-Palestinian workshops......Page 859
Emotion in Decision Making: Psychologically Closing the Exits......Page 860
Disappointment of Individual Expectations and the Likelihood of Revolution......Page 861
Peaceful Societies......Page 862
Ecological Conflict......Page 863
The likelihood of conflict over resources......Page 864
Forced versus Casual Observations......Page 865
Relevant Website......Page 866
Subject Index......Page 868