Strabismus. Fundamentals of Clinical Opthalmology

Contents......Page 6
Preface to the Fundamentals of Clinical Ophthalmology series......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 12
Foreword......Page 14
Introduction......Page 16
Section I Neurophysiological substrate for binocular vision and strabismus......Page 18
The near reflex......Page 20
A and V patterns......Page 21
Amblyopia......Page 22
2 A simple reflex model of normal binocular vision......Page 23
Retina......Page 24
Sensory integration – extrastriate visual cortex......Page 25
Motor arc......Page 26
Actions of the extraocular muscles......Page 27
Control of eye movements......Page 28
3 Consequences of breakdown of binocular vision......Page 30
Retinal correspondence and ARC......Page 31
Diplopia......Page 32
Significance of strabismus with loss of fusion in the adult......Page 33
Relevant clinical conclusions......Page 34
Strabismus associated with congenital cataract......Page 35
References......Page 36
Succeeding decades (50–80 years)......Page 38
Iatrogenic deprivation amblyopia......Page 40
Clinical features......Page 41
Dissociated vertical deviation......Page 42
Latent nystagmus and nystagmus blockage syndrome (Ciancia) syndrome......Page 43
Differential diagnosis of congenital esotropia syndrome......Page 44
Acquired esotropias in children......Page 45
Partially accommodative......Page 46
Cyclic esotropia (alternate day syndrome)......Page 47
Esotropia in cerebral palsy......Page 48
Constant childhood exotropia......Page 49
Intermittent exotropia......Page 50
Management......Page 52
Duane retraction syndrome......Page 53
Sixth nerve palsy......Page 54
Superior oblique paresis......Page 55
Congenital fibrosis syndrome......Page 58
Congenital nystagmus......Page 60
References......Page 62
Strabismus of childhood origin in the adult......Page 64
Diplopia......Page 65
The Parks 3-step test......Page 66
Thyroid eye disease......Page 67
Myasthenia gravis......Page 68
Third nerve palsy......Page 69
Acute diplopia in adults......Page 70
References......Page 71
Section III Management of strabismus......Page 72
History......Page 74
Clinical examination......Page 76
Fixation of small targets......Page 77
Stereopsis......Page 78
Worth 4-dot test......Page 79
Amblyoscope or synoptophore......Page 80
15 D base out prism test......Page 81
Maddox rod......Page 82
Plotting ocular posture......Page 83
Assessment in the older child and the adult......Page 84
Saccades......Page 85
References......Page 86
The parents as part of the team......Page 87
Management of amblyopia in strabismus......Page 88
Clinical tips......Page 89
Prisms and filters......Page 90
Guidelines for surgical treatment of strabismus......Page 91
Duane syndrome......Page 92
Management of “overaction” of the superior oblique or inferior oblique muscle......Page 93
Brown syndrome......Page 94
Strabismus fixus variants of muscle fibrosis syndrome......Page 95
Sixth nerve palsy......Page 96
Treatment of paretic strabismus in children......Page 97
Recession +/ -posterior fixation suture (Faden procedure)......Page 98
Transposition......Page 99
A and V pattern and no evidence of oblique muscle overaction......Page 100
Weakening of the superior oblique......Page 101
Surgical options......Page 102
Anaesthesia......Page 103
Ocular alignment......Page 104
Hazards of inferior rectus recession......Page 105
Redundant conjunctiva......Page 106
References......Page 107
Glossary......Page 108
Index......Page 110