Statistics guide for student and researchers. With SPSS illustrations

Preface
Architecture of the study guide
Introduction to descriptive statistics
	Levels of Measurement
	Frequency distribution of ungrouped data
	Frequency distribution of grouped data
	Boxplot for groups variances
	Review questions
Probability basics
	Introduction
	Probability of events
	Conditional probability
	Review questions
Introduction to probability distributions
	Introduction to random variable
	Cumulative distribution function
	Expectation and standard deviation of discrete random variable
	Continuous random variable
	Review questions
Common discrete probability distributions
	Binomial distribution
	Poison distribution
	Review questions
The normal distribution
	Introduction
	Standard normal probabilities
	Normal approximation to Binomial distribution.
	Review questions
Sampling distributions
	Sampling methods
	Sample Statistics
	Sampling distribution statistic calculation
	Central limit theorem
	Interval estimation of population parameter
	Confidence interval for a population mean
	Confidence interval for population standard deviation
	Confidence interval for population proportion
	Review questions
Hypothesis test of single sample
	Introduction
	Hypothesis test for population mean
	Hypothesis test for population standard deviation
	Review questions
Goodness of fit test for normality
	Chi – square goodness of fit test for normality
	Kolmogorov – Smirnov (KS) goodness of fit test
	Review questions
Independent and dependent samples hypothesis test
	Dependent (paired) samples test
	Independent samples t – test to compare means
	Chi-square test for nominal variables independence
	Review questions
Linear regression and correlation
	Linear regression equation
	Goodness of fit for the regression equation
	Confidence interval for regression equation slope
	Multiple linear regression
	Correlation coefficient r
	Review questions
One – way Analysis of variance (one – way ANOVA)
	Randomized experimental design
	One-way ANOVA test for three samples means equality
	Fisher LSD multiple comparisons
	Repeated measures one-way ANOVA
	Review questions
Non-parametric tests
	Kruskal – Wallis test
	Mann-Whitney U test
	Wilcoxon signed rank test
	Spearman rank correlation coefficient
	Friedman test
	Review questions
Appendix A: questionnaire design for collecting sample data
Appendix B: SPSS data entry
	Multiple response questions
	Likert scale
Appendix C: Guide to selecting appropriate statistical test
Appendix D: Statistical tables
	Standard normal left tail probabilities P (Z ≤ -z)
	Chi – square ,̒-2. distribution table right tailed
	Student’s t – distribution left tailed
	F-distribution probabilities right tailed