Statistics for the Social Sciences

Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Dedication
Table of contents
Preface
	What Makes this Textbook Different
	For Students
	For Instructors
	Last Words
Acknowledgements
List of Examples
1 Statistics and Models
	Learning Goals
	Why Statistics Matters
	Two Branches of Statistics
	Models
	Summary
	Reflection Questions: Comprehension
	Reflection Questions: Application
	Further Reading
2 Levels of Data
	Learning Goals
	Defining What to Measure
	Levels of Data
	So What?
	Other Ways to Classify Data
	Summary
	Reflection Questions: Comprehension
	Reflection Questions: Application
	Further Reading
3 Visual Models
	Learning Goals
	Sample Data
	Frequency Tables
	Histograms
	Describing Shapes of Histograms
	Number of Peaks
	Describing Distribution Shapes: A Caveat
	Frequency Polygons
	Box Plot
	Bar Graphs
	Stem-and-Leaf Plots
	Line Graphs
	Pie Charts
	Scatterplots
	Selecting the Proper Visual Model
	Other Visual Models
	Summary
	Reflection Questions: Comprehension
	Reflection Questions: Application
	Further Reading
4 Models of Central Tendency and Variability
	Learning Goals
	Models of Central Tendency
	Models of Variability
	Using Models of Central Tendency and Variance Together
	Summary
	Reflection Questions: Comprehension
	Reflection Questions: Application
	Further Reading
5 Linear Transformations and z-Scores
	Learning Goals
	Linear Transformations
	z-Scores: A Special Linear Transformation
	Linear Transformations and Scales
	Summary
	Reflection Questions: Comprehension
	Reflection Questions: Application
	Further Reading
6 Probability and the Central Limit Theorem
	Learning Goals
	Basic Probability
	The Logic of Inferential Statistics and the CLT
	Summary
	Reflection Questions: Comprehension
	Reflection Questions: Application
	Further Reading
7 Null Hypothesis Statistical Significance Testing and z-Tests
	Learning Goals
	Null Hypothesis Statistical Significance Testing
	z-Test
	Cautions for Using NHSTs
	General Linear Model
	Summary
	Reflection Questions: Comprehension
	Reflection Questions: Application
	Further Reading
8 One-Sample t-Tests
	Learning Goals
	Shortcomings of the z-Test – and a Solution
	Steps of a One-Sample t-Test
	The p-Value in a One-Sample t-Test
	Caveats for One-Sample t-Tests
	Confidence Intervals (CIs)
	Another Use of the One-Sample t-Tests
	Summary
	Reflection Questions: Comprehension
	Reflection Questions: Application
	Further Reading
9 Paired-Samples t-Tests
	Learning Goals
	When to Use the Paired Two-Sample t-Test
	Steps of a Paired-Samples t-Test
	Finding p
	Old Concerns
	Summary
	Reflection Questions: Comprehension
	Reflection Questions: Application
	Further Reading
10 Unpaired Two-Sample t-Tests
	Learning Goals
	Making Group Comparisons
	Steps of an Unpaired-Samples t-Test
	p and Type I and Type II errors
	Assumptions of the Unpaired Two-Sample t-Test
	Summary
	Reflection Questions: Comprehension
	Reflection Questions: Application
	Further Reading
11 Analysis of Variance
	Learning Goals
	Comparing Means from Three or More Groups
	Problems with Multiple t-Tests
	Solutions to Problems of Multiple Comparisons
	ANOVA
	p and Type I and Type II Errors
	Additional Thoughts on ANOVA
	Post Hoc Tests
	Summary
	Reflection Questions: Comprehension
	Reflection Questions: Application
	Further Reading
12 Correlation
	Learning Goals
	Purpose of the Correlation Coefficient
	Definition of a Correlation
	Calculating Pearson’s r
	Interpreting Pearson’s r
	Visualizing Correlations
	Pearson’s r in the Null Hypothesis Testing Context
	Warning: Correlation Is Not Causation
	Summary
	Reflection Questions: Comprehension
	Reflection Questions: Application
	Further Reading
13 Regression
	Learning Goals
	Using Pearson’s r to Make Predictions
	The Regression Line
	Regression Towards the Mean
	Assumptions of Regression and Correlation
	Summary
	Reflection Questions: Comprehension
	Reflection Questions: Application
	Further Reading
14 Chi-Squared Test
	Learning Goals
	Nominal Outcomes
	One-Variable Chi-Squared Test
	Two-Variable Chi-Squared Test
	Information About Odds Ratios
	Summary
	Reflection Questions: Comprehension
	Reflection Questions: Application
	Further Reading
15 Applying Statistics to Research, and Advanced Statistical Methods
	Learning Goals
	How to Choose a Statistical Method
	Multiple Regression and Related Procedures
	Nonparametric Statistics
	Multivariate Methods
	Reflection Questions: Comprehension
	Reflection Questions: Application
	Further Reading
Appendix A1 z-Table
Appendix A2 t-Table
Appendix A3 F-Table
Appendix A4 Q-table (Tukey’s Post Hoc Test)
Appendix A5 Critical Values for r
Appendix A6 .2-Table
Glossary
Answer Key
References
Name Index
Subject Index