Statistics : principles and methods

Cover Page......Page p0001.djvu
Title Page......Page p0003.djvu
Copyright Page......Page p0004.djvu
Preface\\n......Page p0005.djvu
Contents......Page p0011.djvu
1 INTRODUCTION......Page p0019.djvu
2 Statistics in Our Everyday Life......Page p0021.djvu
3 Statistics in Aid of Scientific Inquiry......Page p0023.djvu
4 Two Basic Concepts—Population and Sample......Page p0026.djvu
5 The Purposeful Collection of Data......Page p0032.djvu
6 Statistics in Context......Page p0033.djvu
7 Objectives of Statistics......Page p0035.djvu
9 Key Ideas......Page p0036.djvu
10 Review Exercises......Page p0037.djvu
2 ORGANIZATION AND DESCRIPTION OF DATA......Page p0039.djvu
2 Main Types of Data......Page p0041.djvu
3.1 Categorical Data......Page p0042.djvu
3.2 Discrete Data......Page p0046.djvu
3.3 Data on a Continuous Variable......Page p0047.djvu
4 Measures of Center......Page p0058.djvu
5 Measures of Variation......Page p0066.djvu
6 Checking the Stability of the Observations over Time......Page p0078.djvu
7 More on Graphics......Page p0082.djvu
8 Statistics in Context......Page p0084.djvu
10 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page p0086.djvu
11 Technology......Page p0088.djvu
12 Review Exercises ......Page p0091.djvu
3 DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF BIVARIATE DATA......Page p0099.djvu
2 Summarization of Bivariate Categorical Data......Page p0101.djvu
3 A Designed Experiment for Making a Comparison......Page p0106.djvu
4 Scatter Diagram of Bivariate Measurement Data......Page p0108.djvu
5 The Correlation Coefficient—A Measure of Linear Relation......Page p0111.djvu
6 Prediction of One Variable from Another (Linear Regression)......Page p0122.djvu
8 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page p0127.djvu
9 Technology......Page p0128.djvu
10 Review Exercises......Page p0129.djvu
4 PROBABILITY......Page p0133.djvu
1 Introduction......Page p0135.djvu
2 Probability of an Event......Page p0136.djvu
3.1 Equally Likely Elementary Outcomes— The Uniform Probability Model......Page p0142.djvu
3.2 Probability As the Long-Run Relative Frequency......Page p0144.djvu
4 Event Relations and Two Laws of Probability......Page p0150.djvu
5 Conditional Probability and Independence......Page p0159.djvu
6 Bayes’ Theorem......Page p0167.djvu
7 Random Sampling from a Finite Population......Page p0173.djvu
9 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page p0180.djvu
10 Technology......Page p0182.djvu
11 Review Exercises......Page p0183.djvu
5 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS......Page p0189.djvu
2 Random Variables......Page p0191.djvu
3 Probability Distribution of a Discrete Random Variable......Page p0194.djvu
4 Expectation (Mean) and Standard Deviation of a Probability Distribution......Page p0203.djvu
5 Successes and Failures—Bernoulli Trials......Page p0211.djvu
6 The Binomial Distribution......Page p0216.djvu
7 The Binomial Distribution in Context......Page p0226.djvu
8 Using Statistics Wisely......Page p0229.djvu
9 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page p0230.djvu
10 Technology......Page p0231.djvu
11 Review Exercises......Page p0233.djvu
6 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION......Page p0239.djvu
1 Probability Model for a Continuous Random Variable......Page p0241.djvu
2 The Normal Distribution—Its General Features......Page p0248.djvu
3 The Standard Normal Distribution......Page p0251.djvu
4 Probability Calculations with Normal Distributions......Page p0256.djvu
5 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial......Page p0260.djvu
*6 Checking the Plausibility of a Normal Model......Page p0266.djvu
*7 Transforming Observations to Attain Near Normality......Page p0269.djvu
8 Using Statistics Wisely......Page p0272.djvu
9 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page p0273.djvu
10 Technology......Page p0274.djvu
11 Review Exercises......Page p0275.djvu
7 VARIATION IN REPEATED SAMPLES— SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS......Page p0281.djvu
1 Introduction......Page p0283.djvu
2 The Sampling Distribution of a Statistic......Page p0284.djvu
3 Distribution of the Sample Mean and the Central Limit Theorem......Page p0291.djvu
4 Statistics in Context......Page p0303.djvu
6 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page p0307.djvu
7 Review Exercises......Page p0308.djvu
8 Class Projects......Page p0310.djvu
9 Computer Project......Page p0311.djvu
8 DRAWING INFERENCES FROM LARGE SAMPLES......Page p0313.djvu
1 Introduction......Page p0315.djvu
2 Point Estimation of a Population Mean......Page p0317.djvu
3 Confidence Interval for a Population Mean......Page p0323.djvu
4 Testing Hypotheses about a Population Mean......Page p0332.djvu
5 Inferences about a Population Proportion......Page p0347.djvu
6 Using Statistics Wisely......Page p0355.djvu
7 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page p0356.djvu
8 Technology......Page p0358.djvu
9 Review Exercises......Page p0361.djvu
9 SMALL-SAMPLE INFERENCESFOR NORMAL POPULATIONS......Page p0367.djvu
2 Student’s t Distribution......Page p0369.djvu
3.1 Confidence Interval for μ......Page p0373.djvu
3.2 Hypotheses Tests for μ\\n......Page p0376.djvu
4 Relationship between Tests and Confidence Intervals......Page p0381.djvu
5 Inferences about the Standard Deviation σ (The Chi-Square Distribution)......Page p0384.djvu
6 Robustness of Inference Procedures......Page p0389.djvu
7 Using Statistics Wisely......Page p0390.djvu
8 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page p0391.djvu
9 Technology......Page p0393.djvu
10 Review Exercises......Page p0394.djvu
10 COMPARING TWO TREATMENTS......Page p0399.djvu
1 Introduction......Page p0401.djvu
2 Independent Random Samples from Two Populations......Page p0404.djvu
3 Large Samples Inference about Difference of Two Means......Page p0406.djvu
4 Inferences from Small Samples: Normal Populations with Equal Variances......Page p0412.djvu
5.1 A Conservative t Test......Page p0418.djvu
5.2 An Approximate t Test—Satterthwaite Correction......Page p0420.djvu
6 Randomization and Its Role in Inference......Page p0425.djvu
7 Matched Pairs Comparisons......Page p0427.djvu
7.1 Inferences from a Large Number of Matched Pairs......Page p0430.djvu
7.2 Inferences from a Small Number of Matched Pairs......Page p0431.djvu
7.3 Randomization with Matched Pairs......Page p0434.djvu
8 Choosing between Independent Samples and a Matched Pairs Sample......Page p0436.djvu
9 Comparing Two Population Proportions......Page p0438.djvu
10 Using Statistics Wisely......Page p0444.djvu
11 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page p0445.djvu
12 Technology......Page p0449.djvu
13 Review Exercises......Page p0452.djvu
11 REGRESSION ANALYSIS—I Simple Linear Regression......Page p0457.djvu
1 Introduction......Page p0459.djvu
2 Regression with a Single Predictor......Page p0461.djvu
3 A Straight-Line Regression Model......Page p0464.djvu
4 The Method of Least Squares......Page p0466.djvu
5 The Sampling Variability of the Least Squares Estimators— Tools for Inference......Page p0474.djvu
6.1. Inference Concerning the Slope β₁......Page p0476.djvu
6.3. Estimation of the Mean Response for a Specified x Value......Page p0478.djvu
6.4. Prediction of a Single Response for a Specified x Value......Page p0481.djvu
7 The Strength of a Linear Relation......Page p0489.djvu
9 Using Statistics Wisely......Page p0494.djvu
10 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page p0495.djvu
11 Technology......Page p0498.djvu
12 Review Exercises......Page p0499.djvu
12 REGRESSION ANALYSIS—II Multiple Linear Regression and Other Topics......Page p0503.djvu
2 Nonlinear Relations and Linearizing Transformations......Page p0505.djvu
3 Multiple Linear Regression......Page p0509.djvu
4 Residual Plots to Check the Adequacy of a Statistical Model......Page p0521.djvu
6 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page p0525.djvu
7 Technology......Page p0526.djvu
8 Review Exercises......Page p0527.djvu
13 ANALYSIS OF CATEGORICAL DATA......Page p0531.djvu
1 Introduction......Page p0533.djvu
2 Pearson’s χ² Test for Goodness of Fit......Page p0536.djvu
3 Contingency Table with One Margin Fixed (Test of Homogeneity)......Page p0540.djvu
4 Contingency Table with Neither Margin Fixed (Test of Independence)......Page p0549.djvu
6 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page p0555.djvu
7 Technology......Page p0557.djvu
8 Review Exercises......Page p0558.djvu
14 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)......Page p0561.djvu
2 Comparison of Several Treatments— The Completely Randomized Design......Page p0563.djvu
3 Population Model and Inferences for a Completely Randomized Design......Page p0571.djvu
4 Simultaneous Confidence Intervals......Page p0575.djvu
5 Graphical Diagnostics and Displays to Supplement ANOVA......Page p0579.djvu
6 Randomized Block Experiments for Comparing k Treatments......Page p0581.djvu
7 Using Statistics Wisely......Page p0589.djvu
8 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page p0590.djvu
9 Technology......Page p0591.djvu
10 Review Exercises......Page p0592.djvu
15 NONPARAMETRIC INFERENCE......Page p0595.djvu
2 The Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test for Comparing Two Treatments......Page p0597.djvu
3 Matched Pairs Comparisons......Page p0608.djvu
4 Measure of Correlation Based on Ranks......Page p0617.djvu
5 Concluding Remarks......Page p0621.djvu
7 Key Ideas and Formulas......Page p0622.djvu
9 Review Exercises......Page p0623.djvu
APPENDIX A1 SUMMATION NOTATION......Page p0627.djvu
APPENDIX A2 RULES FOR COUNTING......Page p0632.djvu
APPENDIX A3 EXPECTATION AND STANDARD DEVIATION—PROPERTIES......Page p0635.djvu
APPENDIX A4 THE EXPECTED VALUE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF X̄......Page p0640.djvu
Table 1 Random Digits......Page p0642.djvu
Table 2 Cumulative Binomial Probabilities......Page p0645.djvu
Table 3 Standard Normal Probabilities......Page p0652.djvu
Table 4 Percentage Points of t Distributions......Page p0654.djvu
Table 5 Percentage Points of χ² Distributions......Page p0655.djvu
Table 6 Percentage Points of F (μ₁, μ₂) Distributions......Page p0656.djvu
Table 7 Selected Tail Probabilities for the Null Distribution of Wilcoxon’s Rank-Sum Statistic......Page p0658.djvu
Table 8 Selected Tail Probabilities for the Null Distribution of Wilcoxon’s Signed-Rank Statistic......Page p0663.djvu
DATA BANK......Page p0665.djvu
ANSWERS TO SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED EXERCISES......Page p0683.djvu
INDEX......Page p0699.djvu