Statistical Reasoning for Surgeons

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Authors’ Biographies
Chapter 1 Introduction – Why Does a Surgeon Need Statistics?
Chapter 2 Interpreting Probability: Medical School Axioms of Probability
	Horses before Zebras
	The Simplest Explanation Is Most Likely
	The Patient Can Have as Many Diseases as They Please
	There Are More Differences between Bad Medicine and Good Medicine; ThAn There Is between Good Medicine and No Medicine
Chapter 3 Statistics, the Law of Large Numbers, and the Confidence Interval
Chapter 4 The Basics of Statistical Tests
	Care and Feeding of p-Values
	The Perils of Productivity
	Sample Size versus p-Values
	Always Include the Confidence Interval
Chapter 5 How Much Data Is Enough?
Chapter 6 Showing the Data to Yourself First – Graphs and Tables, Part 1
Chapter 7 How Normal Is a Gaussian Distribution? What to Do with Extreme Values?
	Non-Gaussian Distributions
	Extreme Values
	Ordinal Data
Chapter 8 All Probabilities Are Conditional
Chapter 9 Quality versus Quantity in Data
	Know What You’re Getting
	Proper Layout
	To Categorize or Not to Categorize
Chapter 10 Practical Examples
	Example 1: Blood Loss
	Example 2: Comorbidities and Mortality
	Example 3: Minimal Clinically Important Difference
	Example 4: The Particular Problem of BMI
Chapter 11 All Things Being Equal – But How? (Designing the Study)
	Random Assignment Is Not Always an Option
	Matching and Stratification
	Selecting Multiple Predictors
	Propensity Scores
	Also Consider
Chapter 12 Binary and Count Outcomes
Chapter 13 Repeated Measurements and Accounting for Change
Chapter 14 What If the Data Is Not All There?
Chapter 15 Showing the Data to Others – Graphs and Tables, Part 2
	Organizing the Presentation
	Presenting the Narrative
	Keeping Numbers in Context
	Tables versus Graphs: Scale and Style
	Articulating the Story
	Visual Lingo
Chapter 16 Further Reading
Glossary
References
Index