Statistical Programming with SAS/IML Software

Contents
	Acknowledgments
Programming in the SAS/IML Language
	An Introduction to SAS/IML Software
		Overview of the SAS/IML Language
		Comparing the SAS/IML Language and the DATA Step
		Overview of SAS/IML Software
			Overview of the IML Procedure
			Running a PROC IML Program
			Overview of SAS/IML Studio
			Installing and Invoking SAS/IML Studio
			Running a Program in SAS/IML Studio
			Using SAS/IML Studio for Exploratory Data Analysis
		Who Should Read This Book?
		Overview of This Book
		Possible Roadmaps through This Book
		How to Read the Programs in This Book
		Data and Programs Used in This Book
			Installing the Example Data on a Local SAS Server
			Installing the Example Data on a Remote SAS Server
	Getting Started with the SAS/IML Matrix Programming Language
		Overview of the SAS/IML Language
		Creating Matrices
			Printing a Matrix
			The Dimensions of a Matrix
			The Type of a Matrix
			The Length of a Character Matrix
		Using Functions to Create Matrices
			Constant Matrices
			Vectors of Sequential Values
			Pseudorandom Matrices
		Transposing a Matrix
		Changing the Shape of Matrices
		Extracting Data from Matrices
			Extracting Rows and Columns
			Matrix Diagonals
			Printing a Submatrix or Expression
		Comparision Operators
		Control Statements
			The IF-THEN/ELSE Statement
			The Iterative DO Statement
		Concatenation Operators
		Logical Operators
		Operations on Sets
		Matrix Operators
			Elementwise Operators
			Matrix Computations
		Managing the SAS/IML Workspace
	Programming Techniques for Data Analysis
		Overview of Programming Techniques
		Reading and Writing Data
			Creating Matrices from SAS Data Sets
			Creating SAS Data Sets from Matrices
		Frequently Used Techniques in Data Analysis
			Applying a Variable Transformation
			Locating Observations That Satisfy a Criterion
			Assigning Values to Observations That Satisfy a Criterion
			Handling Missing Values
			Analyzing Observations by Categories
		Defining SAS/IML Modules
			Function and Subroutine Modules
			Local Variables
			Global Symbols
			Passing Arguments by Reference
			Evaluation of Arguments
			Storing Modules
			The IMLMLIB Library of Modules
		Writing Efficient SAS/IML Programs
			Avoid Loops to Improve Performance
			Use Subscript Reduction Operators
			Case Study: Standardizing the Columns of a Matrix
		Case Study: Finding the Minimum of a Function
		References
	Calling SAS Procedures
		Overview of Calling SAS Procedures
		Calling a SAS Procedure from IMLPlus
		Transferring Data between Matrices and Procedures
		Passing Parameters to SAS Procedures
		Case Study: Computing a Kernel Density Estimate
		Creating Names for Output Variables
		Creating Macro Variables from Matrices
		Handling Errors When Calling a Procedure
		Calling SAS Functions That Require Lists of Values
Programming in SAS/IML Studio
	IMLPlus: Programming in SAS/IML Studio
		Overview of the IMLPlus Language
		Calling SAS Procedures
			Passing Parameters to a SAS Procedure
			Checking the Return Code from a SAS Procedure
		Calling R Functions
		IMLPlus Graphs
		Managing Data in Memory
		Using Expressions When Reading or Writing Data
		IMLPlus Modules
			Storing and Loading IMLPlus Modules
			Local Variables in Modules
			Creating an Alias for a Module
		The IMLPlus Module Library
		Features for Debugging Programs
			Jumping to the Location of an Error
			Jumping to Errors in Modules
			Using the Auxiliary Input Window as a Debugging Aid
			Using the PAUSE Statement as a Debugging Aid
		Querying for User Input
		Differences between IMLPlus and the IML Procedure
	Understanding IMLPlus Classes
		Overview of Understanding IMLPlus Classes
		Object-Oriented Terminology
		The DataObject Class
		Base and Derived Classes
		Creating a Graph
		Creating Dynamically Linked Graphs
		The Plot Class: A Base Class for Graphs
		The Data Table Class
		The DataView Class: A Base Class for Graphs and Data Tables
		Passing Objects to IMLPlus Modules
		Using a Base Class in a Module
	Creating Statistical Graphs
		Overview of Creating Statistical Graphs
		The Source of Data for a Graph
		Bar Charts
			Creating a Bar Chart from a Vector
			Creating a Bar Chart from a Data Object
			Modifying the Appearance of a Graph
			Frequently Used Bar Chart Methods
		Histograms
			Creating a Histogram from a Vector
			Creating a Histogram from a Data Object
			Frequently Used Histogram Methods
		Scatter Plots
			Creating a Scatter Plot from Vectors
			Creating a Scatter Plot from a Data Object
		Line Plots
			Creating a Line Plot for a Single Variable
			Creating a Line Plot for Several Variables
			Creating a Line Plot with a Classification Variable
			Frequently Used Line Plot Methods
		Box Plots
			Creating a Box Plot
			Creating a Grouped Box Plot
			Frequently Used Box Plot Methods
		Summary of Graph Types
		Displaying the Data Used to Create a Graph
		Changing the Format of a Graph Axis
		Summary of Creating Graphs
		References
	Managing Data in IMLPlus
		Overview of Managing Data in IMLPlus
		Creating a Data Object
		Creating a Data Object from a SAS Data Set
		Creating Linked Graphs from a Data Object
		Creating a Data Object from a Matrix
		Creating a SAS Data Set from a Data Object
		Creating a Matrix from a Data Object
		Adding New Variables to a Data Object
			Variable Transformations
			Adding Variables for Predicted and Residual Values
			A Module to Add Variables from a SAS Data Set
		Review: The Purpose of the DataObject Class
	Drawing on Graphs
		Drawing on a Graph
			Example: Overlaying a Regression Curve on a Scatter Plot
			Graph Coordinate Systems and Drawing Regions
			Drawing in the Foreground and Background
			Case Study: Adding a Prediction Band to a Scatter Plot
			Practical Differences between the Coordinate Systems
		Drawing Legends and Insets
			Drawing a Legend
			Drawing an Inset
		Adjusting Graph Margins
		A Module to Add Lines to a Graph
		Case Study: A Module to Draw a Rug Plot on a Graph
		Case Study: Plotting a Density Estimate
		Case Study: Plotting a Loess Curve
		Changing Tick Positions for a Date Axis
		Case Study: Drawing Arbitrary Figures and Diagrams
		A Comparison between Drawing in IMLPlus and PROC IML
	Marker Shapes, Colors, and Other Attributes of Data
		Overview of Data Attributes
		Changing Marker Properties
			Using Marker Shapes to Indicate Values of a Categorical Variable
			Using Marker Colors to Indicate Values of a Continuous Variable
			Coloring by Values of a Continuous Variable
		Changing the Display Order of Categories
			Setting the Display Order of a Categorical Variable
			Using a Statistic to Set the Display Order of a Categorical Variable
		Selecting Observations
		Getting and Setting Attributes of Data
			Properties of Variables
			Attributes of Observations
Applications
	Calling Functions in the R Language
		Overview of Calling Functions in the R Language
		Introduction to the R Language
		Calling R Functions from IMLPlus
		Data Frames and Matrices: Passing Data to R
			Transferring SAS Data to R
			What Happens to the Data Attributes?
			Transferring Data from R to SAS Software
		Importing Complicated R Objects
		Handling Missing Values
			R Functions and Missing Values
			Merging R Results with Data That Contain Missing Values
		Calling R Packages
			Installing a Package
			Calling Functions in a Package
		Case Study: Optimizing a Smoothing Parameter
			Computing a Loess Smoother in R
			Computing an AICC Statistic in R
			Encapsulating R Statements into a SAS/IML Module
			Finding the Best Smoother by Minimizing the AICC Statistic
			Conclusions
		Creating Graphics in R
		References
	Regression Diagnostics
		Overview of Regression Diagnostics
		Fitting a Regression Model
		Identifying Influential Observations
		Identifying Outliers and High-Leverage Observations
		Examining the Distribution of Residuals
		Regression Diagnostics for Models with Classification Variables
		Comparing Two Regression Models
			Comparing Analyses in Different Workspaces
			Comparing Analyses in the Same Workspace
		Case Study: Comparing Least Squares and Robust Regression Models
		Logistic Regression Diagnostics
		Viewing ODS Statistical Graphics
		References
	Sampling and Simulation
		Overview of Sampling and Simulation
		Simulate Tossing a Coin
		Simulate a Coin-Tossing Game
			Distribution of Outcomes
			Compute Statistics for the Simulation
			Efficiency of the Simulation
		Simulate Rolling Dice
		Simulate a Game of Craps
			A First Approach
			A More Efficient Approach
		Random Sampling with Unequal Probability
		A Module for Sampling with Replacement
		The Birthday Matching Problem
			A Probability-Based Solution for a Simplified Problem
			Simulate the Birthday Matching Problem
		Case Study: The Birthday Matching Problem for Real Data
			An Analysis of US Births in 2002
			The Birthday Problem for People Born in 2002
			The Matching Birth Day-of-the-Week Problem
			The 2002 Matching Birthday Problem
		Calling C Functions from SAS/IML Studio
		References
	Bootstrap Methods
		An Introduction to Bootstrap Methods
		The Bootstrap Distribution for a Mean
			Obtaining a Random Sample
			Creating a Bootstrap Distribution
			Computing Bootstrap Estimates
		Comparing Two Groups
		Using SAS Procedures in Bootstrap Computations
			Resampling by Using the SURVEYSELECT Procedure
			Computing Bootstrap Statistics with a SAS Procedure
		Case Study: Bootstrap Principal Component Statistics
			Plotting Confidence Intervals on a Scree Plot
			Plotting the Bootstrap Distributions
		References
	Timing Computations and the Performance of Algorithms
		Overview of Timing Computations
		Timing a Computation
		Comparing the Performance of Algorithms
			Two Algorithms That Delete Missing Values
			Performance as the Size of the Data Varies
			Performance as Characteristics of the Data Vary
		Replicating Timings: Measuring Mean Performance
		Timing Algorithms in PROC IML
		Tips for Timing Algorithms
		References
	Interactive Techniques
		Overview of Interactive Techniques
		Pausing a Program to Enable Interaction
		Attaching Menus to Graphs
		Linking Related Data
		Dialog Boxes in SAS/IML Studio
			Displaying Simple Dialog Boxes
			Displaying a List in a Dialog Box
		Creating a Dialog Box with Java
		Creating a Dialog Box with R
			The Main Idea
			A First Modal Dialog Box
			A Modal Dialog Box with a Checkbox
			Case Study: A Modal Dialog Box for a Correlation Analysis
		References
Appendixes
	Description of Data Sets
		Installing the Data
		Vehicles Data
		Movies Data
		Birthdays2002 Data
	SAS/IML Operators, Functions, and Statements
		Overview of the SAS/IML Language
		A Summary of Frequently Used SAS/IML Operators
		A Summary of Functions and Subroutines
			Mathematical Functions
			Probability Functions
			Descriptive Statistical Functions
			Matrix Query Functions
			Matrix Reshaping Functions
			Linear Algebra Functions
			Set Functions
			Formatting Functions
			Module Statements
			Control Statements
			Statements for Reading and Writing SAS Data Sets
			Options for Printing Matrices
	IMLPlus Classes, Methods, and Statements
		Overview of IMLPlus Classes, Methods, and Statements
		The DataObject Class
		The DataView Class
		The Plot Class
		Methods for Creating and Modifying Plots
			Bar Chart Methods
			Box Plot Methods
			Histogram Methods
			Line Plot Methods
			Scatter Plot Methods
		Calling SAS Procedures
		Calling R Functions
	Modules for Compatability with SAS/IML 9.22
		Overview of SAS/IML 9.22 Modules
		The Mean Module
		The Var Module
		The Qntl Module
	ODS Statements
		Overview of ODS Statements
		Finding the Names of ODS Tables
		Selecting and Excluding ODS Tables
		Creating Data Sets from ODS Tables
		Creating ODS Statistical Graphics
	Index