Statistical methods for the social sciences

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 14
 1.1 Introduction to Statistical Methodology......Page 16
 1.2 Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics......Page 19
 1.3 The Role of Computers and Software in Statistics......Page 21
 1.4 Chapter Summary......Page 23
 2.1 Variables and Their Measurement......Page 26
 2.2 Randomization......Page 29
 2.3 Sampling Variability and Potential Bias......Page 32
 2.4 Other Probability Sampling Methods*......Page 36
 2.5 Chapter Summary......Page 38
 3.1 Describing Data with Tables and Graphs......Page 44
 3.2 Describing the Center of the Data......Page 50
 3.3 Describing Variability of the Data......Page 56
 3.4 Measures of Position......Page 61
 3.5 Bivariate Descriptive Statistics......Page 66
 3.7 Chapter Summary......Page 70
 4.1 Introduction to Probability......Page 82
 4.2 Probability Distributions for Discrete and Continuous Variables......Page 84
 4.3 The Normal Probability Distribution......Page 87
 4.4 Sampling Distributions Describe How Statistics Vary......Page 95
 4.5 Sampling Distributions of Sample Means......Page 100
 4.6 Review: Population, Sample Data, and Sampling Distributions......Page 106
 4.7 Chapter Summary......Page 109
 5.1 Point and Interval Estimation......Page 118
 5.2 Confidence Interval for a Proportion......Page 121
 5.3 Confidence Interval for a Mean......Page 128
 5.4 Choice of Sample Size......Page 135
 5.5 Estimation Methods: Maximum Likelihood and the Bootstrap*......Page 141
 5.6 Chapter Summary......Page 145
6 Statistical Inference: Significance Tests......Page 154
 6.1 The Five Parts of a Significance Test......Page 155
 6.2 Significance Test for a Mean......Page 158
 6.3 Significance Test for a Proportion......Page 167
 6.4 Decisions and Types of Errors in Tests......Page 170
 6.5 Limitations of Significance Tests......Page 174
 6.6 Finding P(Type II Error)*......Page 178
 6.7 Small-Sample Test for a Proportion—the Binomial Distribution*......Page 180
 6.8 Chapter Summary......Page 184
 7.1 Preliminaries for Comparing Groups......Page 194
 7.2 Categorical Data: Comparing Two Proportions......Page 197
 7.3 Quantitative Data: Comparing Two Means......Page 202
 7.4 Comparing Means with Dependent Samples......Page 205
 7.5 Other Methods for Comparing Means*......Page 208
 7.6 Other Methods for Comparing Proportions*......Page 213
 7.7 Nonparametric Statistics for Comparing Groups*......Page 216
 7.8 Chapter Summary......Page 219
 8.1 Contingency Tables......Page 230
 8.2 Chi-Squared Test of Independence......Page 233
 8.3 Residuals: Detecting the Pattern of Association......Page 240
 8.4 Measuring Association in Contingency Tables......Page 242
 8.5 Association Between Ordinal Variables*......Page 248
 8.6 Chapter Summary......Page 253
 9.1 Linear Relationships......Page 262
 9.2 Least Squares Prediction Equation......Page 265
 9.3 The Linear Regression Model......Page 271
 9.4 Measuring Linear Association: The Correlation......Page 274
 9.5 Inferences for the Slope and Correlation......Page 281
 9.6 Model Assumptions and Violations......Page 287
 9.7 Chapter Summary......Page 292
 10.1 Association and Causality......Page 302
 10.2 Controlling for Other Variables......Page 305
 10.3 Types of Multivariate Relationships......Page 309
 10.4 Inferential Issues in Statistical Control......Page 314
 10.5 Chapter Summary......Page 316
 11.1 The Multiple Regression Model......Page 322
 11.2 Multiple Correlation and R2......Page 331
 11.3 Inferences for Multiple Regression Coefficients......Page 335
 11.4 Modeling Interaction Effects......Page 340
 11.5 Comparing Regression Models......Page 344
 11.6 Partial Correlation*......Page 346
 11.7 Standardized Regression Coefficients*......Page 349
 11.8 Chapter Summary......Page 352
 12.1 Regression Modeling with Dummy Variables for Categories......Page 366
 12.2 Multiple Comparisons of Means......Page 370
 12.3 Comparing Several Means: Analysis of Variance......Page 373
 12.4 Two-Way ANOVA and Regression Modeling......Page 377
 12.5 Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance*......Page 384
 12.6 Two-Way ANOVA with Repeated Measures on a Factor*......Page 388
 12.7 Chapter Summary......Page 393
 13.1 Models with Quantitative and Categorical Explanatory Variables......Page 402
 13.2 Inference for Regression with Quantitative and Categorical Predictors......Page 409
 13.3 Case Studies: Using Multiple Regression in Research......Page 412
 13.4 Adjusted Means*......Page 416
 13.5 The Linear Mixed Model*......Page 421
 13.6 Chapter Summary......Page 426
 14.1 Model Selection Procedures......Page 434
 14.2 Regression Diagnostics......Page 441
 14.3 Effects of Multicollinearity......Page 448
 14.4 Generalized Linear Models......Page 450
 14.5 Nonlinear Relationships: Polynomial Regression......Page 454
 14.6 Exponential Regression and Log Transforms*......Page 459
 14.7 Robust Variances and Nonparametric Regression*......Page 463
 14.8 Chapter Summary......Page 465
 15.1 Logistic Regression......Page 474
 15.2 Multiple Logistic Regression......Page 480
 15.3 Inference for Logistic Regression Models......Page 485
 15.4 Logistic Regression Models for Ordinal Variables*......Page 487
 15.5 Logistic Models for Nominal Responses*......Page 492
 15.6 Loglinear Models for Categorical Variables*......Page 495
 15.7 Model Goodness-of-Fit Tests for Contingency Tables*......Page 499
 15.8 Chapter Summary......Page 503
 16.1 Missing Data: Adjustment Using Multiple Imputation*......Page 512
 16.2 Multilevel (Hierarchical) Models*......Page 516
 16.3 Event History Models*......Page 518
 16.4 Path Analysis*......Page 521
 16.5 Factor Analysis*......Page 525
 16.6 Structural Equation Models*......Page 530
 16.7 Markov Chains*......Page 534
 16.8 The Bayesian Approach to Statistical Inference*......Page 535
Appendix: R, Stata, SPSS, and SAS for Statistical Analyses......Page 542
Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Exercises......Page 580
Bibliography......Page 594
Credits......Page 598
 C......Page 600
 G......Page 601
 M......Page 602
 P......Page 603
 S......Page 604
 Z......Page 606