Static Conceptual Fracture Modeling: Preparing for Simulation and Development

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 9
Foreword......Page 13
Symbols and Abbreviations......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 17
Chapter 1 Purpose and Scope......Page 19
Chapter 2 What Is a Static Conceptual Fracture Model and Why Do We Build It?......Page 21
Chapter 3 Fracture Model Creation Workflow......Page 27
 4.1 Outcrop Based Data......Page 31
  4.1.2 Data to Be Collected......Page 32
 4.2 Core Based Data......Page 34
  4.2.1 Types of Core......Page 36
  4.2.2 Data to Be Collected......Page 38
  4.2.3 What’s Real and Not......Page 40
  4.2.4 Quantification......Page 45
 5.1 Bore Hole Image Log Based Data......Page 53
  5.1.1 Tool Types and Resolution......Page 54
  5.1.3 Quantification......Page 56
  5.2.1 Surface Based......Page 58
  5.2.2 Basement-Based Geophysical Methods (Potential Fields or Gravity and Magnetic Data)......Page 60
 5.3 3D Seismic Fracture Data Collection......Page 61
  5.3.2 Seismic Attributes......Page 62
  5.3.3 Passive Seismic and Hydraulic Fracture Monitoring......Page 65
 6.2 Calibration......Page 69
 6.3 Determining Natural Fracture Origin from Fracture Distributions and Morphology......Page 77
 6.4 Mapping Natural-fracture Orientation and Intensity......Page 85
  7.2.1 Discontinuity Analysis......Page 89
  7.2.2 Lineation Analysis......Page 93
Chapter 8 Gathering Constraints on Fracture Aperture......Page 99
 8.1 Unstressed......Page 100
 8.3 Fully Stressed......Page 103
 8.4 How the Various Aperture Measures Go Together......Page 107
Chapter 9 Creation of Natural Fracture Scaling Laws......Page 109
Chapter 10 Gathering and Analyzing Mechanical Property Distribution Data......Page 113
 10.1 Rock Modulus and How It Effects Deformation and Fracturing......Page 114
  10.2.1 Vertical Distribution in Wells......Page 118
  10.2.2 Horizontal Distribution in Wells......Page 120
  10.2.3 Map Distributions by Unit and Sub‐units......Page 121
Chapter 11 Locating Fracture Corridors......Page 123
Chapter 12 Rock Anisotropy and its Importance in Determining Dominant-Fracture Orientation and Relative Intensity......Page 129
Chapter 13 Determine the In‐situ Stress Directions and Magnitudes and their Variation......Page 133
 13.1 SHmax Directions and Mapping......Page 134
 13.2 SHmax Directions with Depth......Page 137
Chapter 14 Production Calibration......Page 141
Chapter 15 Determining the Fractured Reservoir Classification and, Therefore, Which Simulation Style Is Most Appropriate......Page 147
Chapter 16 Use of Reservoir Analogs......Page 153
Chapter 17 The Importance of 3D Visualization in Data Integration and Static Fracture Model Creation......Page 157
Chapter 18 Thoughts on History Matching of Simulation Results......Page 161
Chapter 19 Preparing the Fracture Data for Input to the Gridded Model......Page 163
Chapter 20 Discussion of Error and Uncertainty in the Modeling Process......Page 167
Chapter 21 Published Examples of the Process......Page 169
Chapter 22 Final Comments......Page 173
Appendix A Detailed Static Fracture Modeling Workflow......Page 175
Appendix B How we Use Various Seismic Attributes to Predict Natural Fracture Intensity in the Subsurface, After Nelson (2006)......Page 187
Appendix C How I Learned to Interpret Natural Fractures in Core......Page 191
References......Page 193
Index......Page 201
EULA......Page 204