Static And Dynamic High Pressure Mineral Physics

Cover
Half-title
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
List of Contributors
1 Introduction to Static and Dynamic High-Pressure Mineral Physics
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Chapter Summaries
	References
2 Development of Static High-Pressure Techniques and the Study of the Earth\'s Deep Interior in the Last 50 Years and Its Future
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Early Days of the High-Pressure Experiments to Study the Earth\'s Deep Interior
	2.3 Developments of Multi-Anvil High Pressure Devices in Japan
	2.4 Invention and Development of Diamond Anvil Apparatus
	2.5 Development of Laser Heating in Diamond Anvil Cell and Melting Experiments
	2.6 Combination of High-Pressure Apparatus with Synchrotron Radiation
	2.7 Efforts to Extend the Pressure Range beyond the Limit of Diamond Anvils
	2.8 Future Perspectives
	References
3 Applications of Synchrotron and FEL X-Rays in High-Pressure Research
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 A Brief History of High-Pressure X-Ray Studies
		3.2.1 High-Pressure X-Ray Diffraction
		3.2.2 High-Pressure X-Ray Spectroscopy
		3.2.3 High-Pressure Inelastic X-Ray Scattering
		3.2.4 High-Pressure X-Ray Imaging
	3.3 Highlights from High-Pressure Research Using Synchrotron and FEL X-Rays
		3.3.1 Ultrahigh-Pressure Generation
		3.3.2 Amorphous Materials at High Pressure
		3.3.3 Transition Kinetics and Materials Metastability
	3.4 Outlook on Future Developments
		3.4.1 High-Pressure Research at MBA Storage Ring Facilities
		3.4.2 High-Pressure Research at X-Ray FELs
	Acknowledgments
	References
4 Development of Large-Volume Diamond Anvil Cell for Neutron Diffraction: The Neutron Diamond Anvil Cell Project at ORNL
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Neutron Diamond Cells at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
	4.3 Advances in Neutron Diamond Cells
	4.4 Neutron Diffraction on Ice
	4.5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
5 Light-Source Diffraction Studies of Planetary Materials under Dynamic Loading
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Shock Wave Experiments
	5.3 Continuum Diagnostics
	5.4 In Situ X-Ray Diffraction under Plate Impact Shock Loading
		5.4.1 Silica
		5.4.2 Forsterite
		5.4.3 Diamond
	5.5 Laser-Shock Studies at X-Ray Free Electron Laser Sources
		5.5.1 Silicate Liquids and Glasses
		5.5.2 Hydrocarbons
		5.5.3 Carbides
	5.6 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
6 New Analysis of Shock-Compression Data for Selected Silicates
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Shock Compression
	6.3 Selected Silicates under Shock Compression
		6.3.1 Garnets
		6.3.2 Tourmaline
		6.3.3 Nepheline
		6.3.4 Topaz
		6.3.5 Spodumene
	6.4 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgments
	References
7 Scaling Relations for Combined Static and Dynamic High-Pressure Experiments
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Waste Heat
	7.3 Shock Loading Statically Precompressed Samples
	7.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
8 Equations of State of Selected Solids for High-Pressure Research and Planetary Interior Density Models
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Methods
		8.2.1 Shockwave Experiments
		8.2.2 Static Compression Experiments
			8.2.2.1 In Situ X-Ray Diffraction in Laser-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell
			8.2.2.2 In Situ X-Ray Diffraction in the Multi-Anvil Press
	8.3 Equation of State at Room Temperature
		8.3.1 Common Pressure Standards
			8.3.1.1 Neon
			8.3.1.2 NaCl
			8.3.1.3 MgO
			8.3.1.4 Au
			8.3.1.5 Pt
			8.3.1.6 Other Pressure Standards
	8.4 Thermal Pressure
		8.4.1 Models of Thermal Equation of State
		8.4.2 Data Analysis and Thermal Pressure Calculations
	8.5 Density Profiles of the Deep Mantle and Core
		8.5.1 Mantle Materials
		8.5.2 Core Materials
	8.6 Perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
9 Elasticity at High Pressure with Implication for the Earth\'s Inner Core
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Summary of Elastic Wave Velocity Data for hcp Fe and Fe Light Element Alloys
	9.3 Methods of Elastic Wave Velocity Measurements
		9.3.1 Ultrasonic Interferometry
		9.3.2 Brillouin Scattering
		9.3.3 Inelastic X-Ray Scattering
		9.3.4 Nuclear Inelastic Scattering
		9.3.5 Shock Wave
		9.3.6 Pulsed Laser
		9.3.7 Radial X-Ray Diffraction
	9.4 Elastic Wave Velocity at High Pressure
		9.4.1 Room Temperature Data
		9.4.2 High-Temperature Data
	9.5 Implications for the Earth\'s Core
	9.6 Concluding Remarks
	Acknowledgments
	References
10 Multigrain Crystallography at Megabar Pressures
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Multigrain Indexation at High Pressures
	10.3 Single-Crystal Structure Determination at Megabar Pressures
		10.3.1 Calibration and Powder Diffraction Data
		10.3.2 Multigrain Indexation and Grain Selection
		10.3.3 Single-Crystal Structure Determination from Multigrain Data
		10.3.4 Advantages of Applying the Multigrain Method to High-Pressure Data Sets
	10.4 Online Multigrain Data Analysis during Synchrotron Sessions
	10.5 Future Perspectives
		10.5.1 Pressure Determination in Ultrahigh-Pressure Experiments
		10.5.2 Combination of In Situ X-Ray Diffraction and Ex Situ Chemical Analysis Techniques
		10.5.3 Limitations of the Multigrain Techniques
	Acknowledgments
	References
11 Deformation and Plasticity of Materials under Extreme Conditions
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Experimental Techniques
		11.2.1 Plasticity in the Large-Volume Press
		11.2.2 Plasticity in Diamond Anvil Cells
		11.2.3 Computational Plasticity
	11.3 In Situ Characterization Techniques
		11.3.1 Deformation
		11.3.2 Polycrystal Properties
			11.3.2.1 Lattice-Preferred Orientations
			11.3.2.2 Stress and Strains
			11.3.2.3 Interpretation Using Self-Consistent Models
		11.3.3 Plasticity at the Grain Scale
			11.3.3.1 Multigrain Crystallography
			11.3.3.2 Defects
	11.4 Sample Results
		11.4.1 Deep Earth Materials
		11.4.2 Materials Science
	11.5 Perspectives
		11.5.1 Multiphase Aggregates
		11.5.2 Technical Developments
	11.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
12 Synthesis of High-Pressure Silicate Polymorphs Using Multi-Anvil Press
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Multi-Anvil Press
		12.2.1 Pressure Generation and Measurement
			12.2.1.1 Pressure Generation and Limits on Capacity
			12.2.1.2 Pressure Calibration and Uncertainties
		12.2.2 Temperature Generation and Measurement
			12.2.2.1 Heater
			12.2.2.2 Thermocouple
			12.2.2.3 Pressure Effect on Thermocouple\'s emf
			12.2.2.4 Power Curve
	12.3 Theoretical Basis for High-Pressure Synthesis
		12.3.1 Nucleation and Growth from a Melt
			12.3.1.1 Nucleation as a Function of Temperature
			12.3.1.2 Growth as a Function of Temperature
			12.3.1.3 Crystal Growth with Time
		12.3.2 Growing Large Crystals from a Fluid Solution
		12.3.3 Nucleation and Growth through Solid-State Transformation
	12.4 Synthesis of Dense Silicate Polymorphs
		12.4.1 Mg2SiO4 Wadsleyite and Ringwoodite
			12.4.1.1 Growth of Wadsleyite and Ringwoodite from Anhydrous Melt
			12.4.1.2 Growth of Wadsleyite and Ringwoodite from Hydrous Melt
			12.4.1.3 Growth of Wadsleyite and Ringwoodite through Solid-State Transformation
		12.4.2 MgSiO3 Bridgmanite
			12.4.2.1 Grow MgSiO3 Crystals from Anhydrous Melt
			12.4.2.2 Growth of MgSiO3 Crystals from Hydrous Melt
		12.4.2.3 Growth of MgSiO3 Crystals through Solid- State Transformation
	12.5 Characterization of Synthesis Products
	12.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
13 Investigation of Chemical Interaction and Melting Using Laser-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Experimental Techniques and Procedures
		13.2.1 Temperature Measurement in the Laser-Heated DAC
		13.2.2 Pressure Determination
		13.2.3 Preparation of Starting Material
		13.2.4 Sample Loading Configuration
		13.2.5 FIB Sample Recovery
	13.3 Sample Characterization
		13.3.1 Imaging and Element Mapping of the Recovered Samples
		13.3.2 Quantitative Chemical Analyses of the Recovered Samples
	13.4 Results from Representative Experiments
		13.4.1 Metal-Silicate Interactions
		13.4.2 Melting Relations in Mantle Phases and Solidification of the Deep Magma Ocean
		13.4.3 Melting of Core Materials
			13.4.3.1 Melting Relations in the Fe-FeS System
			13.4.3.2 Melting Relations in the Fe-S-Si, Fe-S-O, and Fe-Si-O Systems
			13.4.3.3 Melting Relations in the Fe-C, Fe-O, and Fe-C-H Systems
	13.5 Perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
14 Molecular Compounds under Extreme Conditions
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Technical Developments
	14.3 Experimental Research
		14.3.1 Van der Waals Compounds
		14.3.2 Rich Nitrogen Polymorphism
		14.3.3 Dense Ices: Symmetrization of Hydrogen Bonds
		14.3.4 Squeezing Hydrogen into Exotic States
	14.4 Outlook
	Acknowledgments
	References
15 Superconductivity at High Pressure
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Searching for Room Temperature Superconductors
	15.3 Metallic Hydrogen and Superconductivity
	15.4 Metallic Hydrogen Alloys and Superconductivity
	15.5 Tale of Superconductivity of Sulfur Hydride at High Pressure
	15.6 Superconductivity in Lanthanum Hydride at High Pressure
	15.7 Other Hydrides for RTSC on the Horizon
	15.8 Perspectives
	References
16 Thermochemistry of High-Pressure Phases
	16.1 The Power and Utility of Thermodynamics
	16.2 Advances in Calorimetric Methodology
		16.2.1 Low-Temperature Heat Capacity Measurements
		16.2.2 High-Temperature Solution and Reaction Calorimetry
	16.3 Specific Applications
		16.3.1 Silicate Spinels, Perovskites, and Related Phases
		16.3.2 Chalcogenides, Nitrides, and Carbides
		16.3.3 Water and Defects in High-Pressure Phases
		16.3.4 Nanoscale Effects
	16.4 Perspective
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index