State Politics and Public Policy in Eastern Africa: A Comparative Perspective

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I: Conceptualising State Politics in Africa
	Chapter 1: Towards the Africa We Want! The Changing State Politics in Africa
		Introduction
			How We Understand State Politics Versus Public Policy in Eastern Africa
			The Organisation of the Book
		References
	Chapter 2: State Politics and Public Policy in Africa: A State Transformation Perspective
		Introduction
		The State Versus Nation: Conceptualising the African State
		State Transformation Phases
			State Formation as Politics of Domination
			State-Building as Politics of Consolidation
			Nation-Building Politics or Politics of Participation
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Divergent Identity and State Formation in Eastern Africa: Legitimacy and Policy Performance
		Introduction
		Theoretical Frame
		Proto-State
		Colonial State
		National Liberation State
		Legitimacy and Performance
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 4: The “Boomerang Effect”: Lessons Learned from Power Sharing in Kenya and Zimbabwe
		Introduction
		Kenya and Zimbabwe in Data Sets of Power Sharing
		Kenya and Zimbabwe in the Consociational Literature
		Kenya and Zimbabwe in the Regional Literature on Power Sharing and Consociationalism
		Conclusion
		References
Part II: State Formation and Politics of Consolidation in Eastern Africa
	Chapter 5: Secessionist Claims and State-Building: The Emergence and Trends in Eastern Africa
		Introduction
		Emergence and Growth of Secession Movements in Africa: An Overview
		Drivers of Secessionist Movements in Eastern Africa—A Comparative Analysis
			The Political Rhetoric Drivers
			Ethnonationalism or Ethnic Nationalism
		Prosperity and Development Narratives
		Policy Recommendations to Counter Secession Claims—Towards Nation-Building Strategies
		Conclusions
		References
			Websites
	Chapter 6: Ethio-Sudanese Relations: Revisiting Civil Wars, Refugeeism and Foreign Policy in Eastern Africa
		Introduction
		Revisiting the Context of Refugees, Foreign Policy and Inter-State Relations in Eastern Africa
			Refugees and Ethio-Sudanese Relationship During the Cold War
			Refugees and Ethio-Sudanese Relationships at the Present
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: Confronting Terrorism and Violent Extremism in Eastern Africa
		Introduction
		Theoretical and Conceptual Analysis: Wicked Repertoires of Terrorism and Violent Extremism in Eastern Africa
		Terrorism and Violent Extremism in Eastern Africa: An Overview
		Confronting Terrorism: A Collaborative Web of Policy Designs and Networks
			Policy Formulation by National Governments
		CT/PVE Gains, Challenges and Prospects
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: The People’s Defence Forces (Military) and State-Building Politics in Eastern Africa
		Introduction
		The Military as an Instrument in State-Building in Eastern Africa
		Defence Forces and State’s Politics of Policy Implementation in East Africa
			Tanzania People’s Defense Forces (TPDF) and Imperatives of Strategic Revisionism
			Uganda People’s Defense Forces (UPDF) and State-Building as Security Project
			Rwanda Defense Forces’ Soft and Hard Infrastructure as the Foundation of an Inclusive State
			Kenya Defense Forces (KDF) and Socio-political Economy of Reconstituting of Geostrategic Bridges
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 9: The Past and Present of Public Sector Reforms in Eastern Africa
		Introduction
		The Historical Contexts of Public Sector Reforms in Selected Eastern African States
			Post-colonial Development Ideologies and Public Sector Reforms (PSRs) in Eastern Africa
			The Development Paradigm of PSRs During the Independence Era
			The Structural Adjustment Programmes (NPM) Era
			Constitutional Reforms
		PSRs in Kenya
		PSRs Experiences in Rwanda
		PSRs in Ethiopia
		PSRs in Tanzania
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Imperilled Welfare States of Eastern Africa: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Legacies of Taxation Politics in Kenya and Uganda
		Introduction
		The Problem of an Acquired Post-Colonial Tax System
		The Origin of the Fiscal Kenyan and Ugandan State
			Trimmed Around Inequalities: The Evolution of an Adapted Form of Fiscal State
			Failed Promises: Disconnect Between Tax Policy and Social Welfare
		Conclusion
		References
Part III: Politics of Participation: Crafting Public Policy and Citizenship Spaces
	Chapter 11: Social Cohesion, Politics and Governance in East Africa: Evidence from  Afrobarometer Surveys
		Introduction
		Methodology
		Identity and Ethnicity in the East African Region
		Results and Discussion
			Social Heterogeneity or Homogeneity in East Africa
			Economic Well-Being and State-Society Trust
		Discrimination in Religion and Ethnic Background
			Trust Among the People in East Africa
		Trust in Governance Institutions in East Africa
		Citizens’ Approval for the Regional Integration in East Africa
		Threats to Social Cohesion in East Africa
		Conclusions
		Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 12: Politics of Social Protection: The Visible, Invisible and Ignored Citizens
		Introduction
		Theory
		Methodology
		The Political Economy and Social Protection Context of the Selected Eastern African Countries
			Case 1: Ethiopia
				Context of Social Protection in Ethiopia
			The Visible, Invisible and Ignored in Ethiopian Social Protection Policy
			Case 2: Kenya
				Context of Social Protection in Kenya
			The Visible, Invisible and Ignored in Kenya’s Social Protection Policy
			Case 3: Tanzania
				Context of Social Protection in Tanzania
			The Visible, Invisible and Ignored in Tanzanian Social Protection Policy
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: How and Why Women Legislators Miss Out on Legislative Leadership Roles: Gender Equality Policies and Legislative Influence in Kenya
		Introduction
		Feminist Institutionalism
		Women and Politics in Kenya
			Access to Leadership Positions and Legislative Effectiveness
			Homosocial Capital and Substantive Representation of Women
			The Proportion of the Legislative Leadership Positions Occupied by Nominated Female MCAs
			Type of Positions Occupied by Nominated Female MCAs
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 14: Civil Society Organisations’ Policy Entrepreneurship Roles in Kenya and Uganda’s Housing Policies
		Introduction
		The Policy Entrepreneurship Characteristics of CSOs
		Housing Policies in Kenya and Uganda: An Overview
			Housing Policy Framework in Kenya
			Housing Policy Framework in Uganda
		Civil Society Organisations as Policy Entrepreneurs in Housing Policies in Kenya and Uganda
			Civil Society Organisations as Problem Framers
			Civil Society Organisations and Team Building/Advocacy Coalition/Networks
			Civil Society Organisations and Information Sharing
			Civil Society Organisations’ Leading by Example Activities and Acting as Public Watchdogs
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 15: Science and Technology and Development in Eastern Africa—From Rhetoric to Actions: Citizens’ Agency in the Implementation of STIs Policies
		Introduction
		Understanding STI Policy Implementation in Africa: An Overview
			The History and Origin of STI Policymaking in Africa
			Politics of Development in Africa
		Auditing Implementation Status of STI in Eastern Africa
			Case 1: Tanzania
			Case 2: Rwanda
			Case 3: Uganda
			Case 4: Kenya
		Rethinking STI Policy Implementation in Africa: Bringing Civic Participation in
			The Role of Policy Entrepreneurs in the Policy Process
			Framing and Communicating Non-implementation to the Public
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 16: Climate Governance in Eastern Africa: The Challenges and Prospects of Climate Change Adaptation Policies
		Introduction
		Climate Change Governance in East Africa: The Policy Ecosystem
			Regional Policy Ecosystems
			National Policy Ecosystems
		Climate Governance Challenges and Prospects for Improvement
			Governance Deficits and Legacies of Bad Reforms
			Conditions of Limited Statehood and Failures to Regulate the Market
			Poor Conditions of Public Goods and Climate Change Policy Communication
		Conclusions
		References
Part IV: Regional Integration, Development Cooperation and Public Policy in Eastern Africa
	Chapter 17: Intergovernmentalism Versus State-Centrism in Supra-national Governance: The Eastern Africa Economic Integration in Perspective
		Introduction
		The Background
		The Extra-EAC Influences and State-Centrism
			EU-EAC Trade Relations and Economic State-Centrism in the EAC
			The EAC-UK Trade Relations and Economic State-Centrism in the EAC
			The EAC-US Trade Relations and Economic State-Centrism in East Africa
			EAC-China Relations and State-Centrism in Regional Trade
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 18: Is the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) a Friend or Foe of East African Development?
		Introduction
		Theoretical Tension Between Orthodox Trade and Strategic Trade
		The Official Versus the Real Purpose of FTAs (Including AfCFTA)
		Key Highlights of AfCFTA
		The Unanswered Question: Sleepwalking into a Disaster?
		Effect of AfCFTA on East African Development Policy Spaces
			Primacy of Institutional Quality as a Precursor to Effective Integration
			Macro-economic Convergence
			Tariff Reduction and Loss of Revenue
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 19: A Governance Discourse in China’s Development Finance Assistance in Eastern Africa
		Introduction: Governance in Chinese Contexts
		Chinese Versus African Institutional Frameworks
		Inception and Costs
		Procurement and Public Debt
		Environmental Conservation, Compulsory Land Acquisition and Compensation
		Implications for Public Policy
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 20: The Evolution of the Political Dimension of EU Co-operation with Eastern Africa
		Introduction
		Election Observation, Sanctions and Democracy
		Developments in Eastern Africa
			EU Election Observation in Eastern Africa
			Aid Conditionality
			Use of the Article 96
		Conclusions
		References
Index