Star Maps: History, Artistry, and Cartography

Contents
Preface to Third Edition
Foreword to First Edition
Preface to First Edition
Acknowledgments
Figures
Tables
Abbreviations and acronyms
1: What is a star map?
	1.1 CONSTELLATION MAPS
	1.2 COSMOLOGICAL MAPS
	1.3 WHAT MAKES THESE IMAGES MAPS?
	1.4 CIRCLES IN THE SKY
		1.4.1 The Sun–Earth orientation
		1.4.2 The armillary sphere
	1.5 DIRECTIONS IN THE SKY
	1.6 PROJECTIONS OF STAR MAPS
	1.7 MANUSCRIPTS AND PRINTS
	1.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
2: Non-European cosmology and constellation development
	2.1 CHINA
		2.1.1 Cosmology
		2.1.2 Time and the calendar
		2.1.3 Chinese constellations
		2.1.4 Chinese influences in Korea and Japan
		2.1.5 Outside influences on China
	2.2 MESOPOTAMIA
		2.2.1 Historical interlude
		2.2.2 Cosmology
		2.2.3 Time and the calendar
		2.2.4 Mesopotamian constellations and the zodiac
	2.3 EGYPT
		2.3.1 Cosmology
		2.3.2 Time and the calendar
		2.3.3 Orientation of temples
		2.3.4 Egyptian constellations
		2.3.5 Differences from China and Mesopotamia
	2.4 INDIA
		2.4.1 Cosmology
		2.4.2 Time and the calendar
		2.4.3 Indian constellations
		2.4.4 Outside influences
	2.5 ASTROLOGY IN ANCIENT TIMES
	2.6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
3: European cosmology
	3.1 CLASSICAL GREEK ASTRONOMY
		3.1.1 Precursors
		3.1.2 The cosmologies of early Greek philosophers
		3.1.3 Pythagoras and his followers
		3.1.4 Plato
		3.1.5 Eudoxus
		3.1.6 Aristotle
		3.1.7 The “Pre-Copernicans”
		3.1.8 Eratosthenes and the Alexandria Library
		3.1.9 The eccentric model
		3.1.10 Apollonius and the epicycle model
		3.1.11 Hipparchus
		3.1.12 Claudius Ptolemy
	3.2 EUROPEAN ASTRONOMY DURING THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
		3.2.1 Impact of the fall of Rome
		3.2.2 Astronomy in the Latin West
		3.2.3 Time and the calendar
	3.3 ISLAMIC ASTRONOMY
	3.4 BYZANTINE ASTRONOMY
	3.5 CLASSICAL GREEK ASTRONOMY COMES BACK TO EUROPE
		3.5.1 Entry from the West: Islam
		3.5.2 Johannes de Sacrobosco
		3.5.3 Entry from the East: Byzantium
	3.6 ASTROLOGY IN THE MIDDLE AGES
	3.7 PRINTING AND THE RENAISSANCE
		3.7.1 Johann Gutenberg
		3.7.2 The spread of printing
	3.8 ASTRONOMY AND CENTRAL EUROPE
		3.8.1 Georg Peurbach
		3.8.2 Regiomontanus
		3.8.3 Hartmann Schedel
		3.8.4 Peter Apian
	3.9 PARADIGM SHIFT: HELIOCENTRISM WITH  CIRCULAR ORBITS
		3.9.1 Nicholas Copernicus
		3.9.2 Tycho Brahe
		3.9.3 Galileo
		3.9.4 René Descartes
	3.10 PARADIGM SHIFT: HELIOCENTRISM WITH  ELLIPTICAL ORBITS
		3.10.1 Johannes Kepler
		3.10.2 Follow-up to Kepler
	3.11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
4: European constellation development
	4.1 CLASSICAL GREEKS
		4.1.1 Aratus’ Phaenomena
		4.1.2 Eratosthenes’ Catasterismi
		4.1.3 Hipparchus’ star catalog
		4.1.4 Geminos’ Introduction to the Phenomena
		4.1.5 Ptolemy’s star catalog
		4.1.6 Hyginus’ Poeticon Astronomicon
	4.2 ISLAMIC CONSTELLATIONS
		4.2.1 Arab star names
		4.2.2 Al-Sufi and his Book of Fixed Stars
	4.3 CONSTELLATIONS AND THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
		4.3.1 Navigating the oceans
		4.3.2 Filling gaps in the Southern Hemisphere
			4.3.2.1 Amerigo Vespucci
			4.3.2.2 Andreas Corsali
			4.3.2.3 Petrus Plancius, Pieter Keyser, and Frederick De Houtman
			4.3.2.4 Edmond Halley
			4.3.2.5 Nicolas de Lacaille
			4.3.2.6 John Herschel
		4.3.3 Filling gaps in the Northern Hemisphere
			4.3.3.1 Caspar Vopel
			4.3.3.2 Johannes Hevelius
		4.3.4 Impact on the Islamic World
	4.4 OBSOLETE CONSTELLATIONS
	4.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
5: Early European star maps
	5.1 THE MANUSCRIPT ERA
	5.2 EARLY PRINTED CONSTELLATION IMAGES
		5.2.1 Erhard Ratdolt and Hyginus’ Poeticon Astronomicon
		5.2.2 An early printed edition of Aratus’ Phaenomena
		5.2.3 Aldus Manutius and Aratus’ Phaenomena
	5.3 ALBRECHT DÜRER AND THE FIRST PRINTED STAR MAPS
		5.3.1 Life and times
		5.3.2 Dürer’s celestial hemispheres
	5.4 JOHANNES HONTER AND HIS GEOCENTRIC HEMISPHERES
		5.4.1 Life and times
		5.4.2 Honter’s celestial hemispheres
	5.5 ALESSANDRO PICCOLOMINI AND THE FIRST PRINTED STAR ATLAS
		5.5.1 Life and times
		5.5.2 De le Stelle Fisse
	5.6 GIOVANNI PAOLO GALLUCCI AND HIS COORDINATE SYSTEM
		5.6.1 Life and times
		5.6.2 Theatrum Mundi, et Temporis
	5.7 THOMAS HOOD: SETTING THE STAGE FOR THE GOLDEN AGE
		5.7.1 Life and times
		5.7.2 The Use of the Celestial Globe
	5.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
6: The “Big Four” of the Golden Age of imaged star maps
	6.1 STAR MAP CONVENTIONS
	6.2 JOHANN BAYER
		6.2.1 Life and times
		6.2.2 Uranometria
		6.2.3 Derivative atlases
			6.2.3.1 Julius Schiller
			6.2.3.2 Aegidius Strauch
			6.2.3.3 Ignace-Gaston Pardies
			6.2.3.4 Augustine Royer
			6.2.3.5 John Bevis
			6.2.3.6 Philippe de la Hire
	6.3 JOHANNES HEVELIUS
		6.3.1 Life and times
		6.3.2 The Prodromus Astronomiae and the Catalogus Stellarum Fixarum
		6.3.3 Firmamentum Sobiescianum
		6.3.4 Derivative atlases
			6.3.4.1 Johann Zahn
			6.3.4.2 Petrus Schenck
			6.3.4.3 Georg Christoph Eimmart
			6.3.4.4 Johann Leonhard Rost
			6.3.4.5 Mattheus Seutter
			6.3.4.6 Christoph Semler
			6.3.4.7 Tobias Conrad Lotter
			6.3.4.8 Johann Doppelmayr and Antonio Zatta
	6.4 JOHN FLAMSTEED
		6.4.1 Life and times
		6.4.2 Historiae Coelestis Britannicae
		6.4.3 Atlas Coelestis
		6.4.4 Derivative atlases
			6.4.4.1 John Hill
			6.4.4.2 Jean Fortin
			6.4.4.3 Johann Bode
			6.4.4.4 Maximilian Hell
			6.4.4.5 Kornelius Reissig
			6.4.4.6 Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
	6.5 JOHANN BODE
		6.5.1 Life and times
		6.5.2 Anleitung zur Kenntniss des Gestirnten Himmels and Bode’s Law
		6.5.3 Vorstellung der Gestirne
		6.5.4 Uranographia
		6.5.5 Derivative atlases
			6.5.5.1 Christian Friedrich Goldbach
			6.5.5.2 Alexander Jamieson
			6.5.5.3 Urania’s Mirror
			6.5.5.4 Elijah H. Burritt
			6.5.5.5 M.C.G. Riedig
			6.5.5.6 Joseph J. von Littrow
			6.5.5.7 G. Rubie
			6.5.5.9 Karl Friedrich Vollrath Hoffmann
	6.6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
7: Other important star maps of the Golden Age
	7.1 ANDREAS CELLARIUS
		7.1.1 Life and times
		7.1.2 Harmonia Macrocosmica
	7.2 ATHANASIUS KIRCHER
		7.2.1 Life and times
		7.2.2 Books of astronomical interest
	7.3 ALAIN MANESSON MALLET
		7.3.1 Life and times
		7.3.2 Description de l’Univers
	7.4 VINCENZO MARIA CORONELLI
		7.4.1 Life and times
		7.4.2 Books with celestial plates
	7.5 JOHN SELLER
		7.5.1 Life and times
		7.5.2 Atlas Maritimus
		7.5.3 Atlas Coelestis
	7.6 JOHN SENEX
		7.6.1 Life and times
		7.6.2 Celestial maps
	7.7 CORBINIANUS THOMAS
		7.7.1 Life and times
		7.7.2 Mercurii Philosophici Firmamentum
	7.8 JOHANN DOPPELMAYR
		7.8.1 Life and times
		7.8.2 Johann Baptist Homann
		7.8.3 Atlas Coelestis
	7.9 ANTONIO ZATTA
		7.9.1 Life and times
		7.9.2 Atlante Novissimo
	7.10 SAMUEL DUNN
		7.10.1 Life and times
		7.10.2 A New Atlas of the Mundane System
	7.11 ANTOINE AND NICOLAS DE FER
		7.11.1 Life and times
		7.11.2 L’Atlas Curieux
	7.12 PHILIPPE DE LA HIRE
		7.12.1 Life and times
		7.12.2 Celestial maps
	7.13 PIERRE-CHARLES LE MONNIER
		7.13.1 Life and times
		7.13.2 Celestial maps
	7.14 THE FRENCH CASSINI FAMILY
		7.14.1 Life and times
		7.14.2 Celestial maps of Giovanni Domenico (or Jean Dominique) Cassini
	7.15 GIOVANNI MARIA CASSINI
		7.15.1 Life and times
		7.15.2 Celestial maps
	7.16 Bibliography
8: Special topics
	8.1 CELESTIAL GLOBES AND GORES
		8.1.1 Early examples
		8.1.2 Celestial gores
		8.1.3 Important globe makers in Europe and the United States
	8.2 VOLVELLES
		8.2.1 What were volvelles?
		8.2.2 How did volvelles work?
		8.2.3 Planispheres and the demise of volvelles
	8.3 ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS BEFORE THE TELESCOPE
		8.3.1 Antikythera mechanism and the Nebra sky disk
		8.3.2 Astrolabe
		8.3.3 Nocturnal
		8.3.4 Cross-staff and back-staff
		8.3.5 Octants, sextants, and quadrants
			8.3.5.1 Tycho Brahe’s Astronomiae Instauratae Mechanica
			8.3.5.2 Hevelius’ Machinae Coelestis
	8.4 THE TELESCOPE
	8.5 NON-STELLAR HEAVENLY BODIES
		8.5.1 Sun, planets, and asteroids
		8.5.2 Moon
			8.5.2.1 Hevelius’ Selenographia and Riccioli’s Lunar Map
			8.5.2.2 Later maps of the Moon
		8.5.3 Eclipses
		8.5.4 Comets
			8.5.4.1 Stanislaw Lubieniecki’s Theatrum Cometicum
			8.5.4.2 Edmond Halley’s comet
			8.5.4.3 Charles Messier’s catalog
		8.5.5 Deep-sky objects
			8.5.5.1 Current classification
			8.5.5.2 From 1600 to 1900
			8.5.5.3 The 20th Century
	8.6 PLAYING CARDS
	8.7 FRONTISPIECES AND TITLE PAGES
		8.7.1 Printer’s marks
		8.7.2 Allegorical images from the past
		8.7.3 Contemporary instruments and people
		8.7.4 Extension of the book’s content
		8.7.5 Combinations
		8.7.6 Frontispiece cost-cutting measures
		8.7.7 Conclusions
	8.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
9: Mapping the stars in early America
	9.1 THE ALMANACS
	9.2 JEDIDIAH MORSE
	9.3 EARLY AMERICAN STAR MAPS
		9.3.1 Bartholomew Burges
		9.3.2 Enoch Gridley
		9.3.3 William Croswell
	9.4 ELIJAH H. BURRITT
		9.4.1 Life and times
		9.4.2 The Geography of the Heavens and its Atlas
	9.5 ASTRONOMY EDUCATION IN THE SCHOOLS
		9.5.1 John H. Wilkins
		9.5.2 John Vose
		9.5.3 Denison Olmsted
		9.5.4 Asa Smith
	9.6 O. M. MITCHEL
		9.6.1 Life and times
		9.6.2 Mitchel’s edition of Burritt’s book and atlas
		9.6.3 The Planetary and Stellar Worlds
		9.6.4 Popular Astronomy
		9.6.5 The Astronomy of the Bible
	9.7 HANNAH MARY BOUVIER
	9.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
10: The transition to non-imaged star maps
	10.1 THE 1800s: A CENTURY OF TRANSITION
		10.1.1 Factors pushing for change
		10.1.2 Star maps with subdued constellation images
			10.1.2.1 Wollaston’s Portraiture of the Heavens
			10.1.2.2 Stieler’s Hand-Atlas
			10.1.2.3 Von Littrow’s Atlas des Gestirnten Himmels
		10.1.3 Star maps with connecting-line constellation images
			10.1.3.1 The Atlas Céleste of Dien and Flammarion
			10.1.3.2 Proctor’s Half-Hours with the Stars
			10.1.3.3 Ball’s Atlas of Astronomy
		10.1.4 Star maps with no constellation images
			10.1.4.1 Argelander’s Bonner Durchmusterung
			10.1.4.2 Dreyer’s New General Catalogue
			10.1.4.3 Other star maps with no constellation images
		10.1.5 Astrophotography and its influence on star maps
			10.1.5.1 Early impact
			10.1.5.2 Carte du Ciel project
			10.1.5.3 Other photographic star maps
	10.2 THE 20th AND 21st CENTURIES
		10.2.1 Annie Jump Cannon and the Henry Draper Catalog
		10.2.2 Constellation boundaries and the IAU
		10.2.3 Major atlases of the 20th Century
			10.2.3.1 Norton’s Star Atlas
			10.2.3.2 Becvar and his celestial atlases
			10.2.3.3 Tirion and his celestial atlases
		10.2.4 Other contemporary star maps and atlases
		10.2.5 Computerized star maps
	10.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY
11: Terrestrial and celestial pictorial maps
	11.1 WHAT ARE PICTORIAL MAPS?
	11.2 HISTORY OF TERRESTRIAL PICTORIAL MAPS
	11.3 CATEGORIES OF TERRESTRIAL PICTORIAL MAPS
	11.4 EXAMPLES OF TERRESTRIAL PICTORIAL MAPS
	11.5 HISTORY OF CELESTIAL PICTORIAL MAPS
	11.6 EXAMPLES OF CELESTIAL PICTORIAL MAPS
		11.6.1 Pre-Sputnik celestial pictorial maps
		11.6.2 Post-Sputnik celestial pictorial maps
	11.7 FRUIT CRATE LABELS
	11.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
12: Celestial images in artistic paintings
	12.1 HISTORICAL DRAWINGS AND PAINTINGS
	12.2 TRADITIONAL CONTEMPORARY DRAWINGS  AND PAINTINGS
	12.3 ASTRONAUT ART
	12.4 NON-TRADIONALLY MADE CELESTIAL ART
	12.5 CHILDREN’S ART
	12.6 CONTEMPORARY FOLK ART
	12.7 POSTAL STAMPS AND CARDS
	12.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Appendix A: Collecting celestial maps and prints
	A.1 THE MATERIALS IN PRINTED CELESTIAL MAPS
	A.2 CELESTIAL MAP PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION
	A.3 BUYING CELESTIAL MAPS
	A.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY
	A.5 SOURCES OF ANTIQUARIAN CELESTIAL MAPS
		A.5.1 Dealers who carry celestial maps
		A.5.2 Internet auction houses and fairs with a focus on celestial maps
		A.5.3 Map societies
		A.5.4 Journals
Appendix B: Supplementary reference catalog (see also Index for names and sources discussed in the chapters)
Appendix C: Indices of major constellation atlases
	C.1 Bayer, Johann—Uranometria, 1603
	C.2 Bode, Johann—Uranographia, 1801
	C.3 Cellarius, Andreas—Harmonia Macrocosmica, 1660
	C.4 Doppelmayr, Johann—Atlas Coelestis, 1742
	C.5 Flamsteed, John—Atlas Coelestis, 1729
	C.6 Fortin, Jean—Atlas Céleste de Flamstéed, 1776
	C.7 Hevelius, Johannes—Firmamentum Sobiescianum, 1687, appearing in Prodromus Astronomiae, 1690
	C.8 Piccolomini, Alessandro—De le Stelle Fisse, 1579 edition
Appendix D: The British Library “King’s” edition
Glossary
Index