St Albans Abbey: The Excavation of the Chapter House 1978

Cover\nTitle Page\nCopyright page\nIn memoriam\nGeneral Editor’s Preface\nAcknowledgements\nContents Page\nList of Illustrations\n	PART 1. INTRODUCTION\n		Illus. 1.1.1. St Albans in the context of Hertfordshire.\n		Illus. 1.1.2. The abbey in the context of Roman Verulamium and medieval St Albans.\n		Illus. 1.1.3. From Verulamium to St Albans: the development of settlement.\n		Illus. 1.1.4. Excavations and investigations at the abbey 1978–2008: Roman features.\n		Illus. 1.1.5. The architectural development of the abbey 1077–1166, in the reign of Abbots Paul of Caen, Richard d’Albini, and Robert of Gorham.\n		Illus. 1.1.6. The abbey and its buildings in the late Middle Ages.\n		Illus. 1.1.7. The ownership of the abbey site, nineteenth to twentieth century.\n		Illus. 1.1.8. Excavations and investigations at the abbey 1978-2008: Anglo-Saxon features.\n	PART 2. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE\n		Illus. 2.2.1. The site and development of the chapter house.\n		Illus. 2.2.2. The site before the building of the chapter house: Middle Saxon ditches in red with the graves of the Late Anglo-Saxon cemetery.\n		Illus. 2.3.1. The first (apsidal) chapter house built by Abbot Paul of Caen, with stage A of the dorter range.\n		Illus. 2.3.2. The second (apsidal) chapter house built by Abbot Richard d’Albini and its proposed (apsidal) extension, with stage A of the dorter range.\n		Illus. 2.3.3. The third (rectangular) chapter house built by Abbot Robert of Gorham, with burials to 1195, with stage B of the dorter range.\n		Illus. 2.3.4. The fourth (vaulted) chapter house rebuilt by Abbots Whethamstede and Wallingford, with burials to 1410, with stage G of the dorter range.\n		Illus. 2.3.5. The demolition and robbing of the chapter house from c.1540 to the eighteenth century, with the distribution of fragments of Anglo-Norman glazed floor tiles (ANGT).\n		Illus. 2.4.1. The architectural development of the slype.\n		Illus. 2.4.2. Cross-section of the slype as rebuilt by Lord Grimthorpe in 1885, showing the structural sequence revealed in the course of demolition in 1980.\n		Illus. 2.4.3. The west doorway of Abbot Robert of Gorham’s slype, built between 1154/9–66, slype rebuilt by Lord Grimthorpe in 1886. Grimthorpe uncovered the stonework of the original west doorway to the slype and installed it in the south wall of the sou\n		Illus. 2.4.4. The Romanesque slype, looking west, before its demolition by Lord Grimthorpe in 1886.  The inside of the doorway cut through the south wall of the transept and can be seen to the right. Anagram RKT on stone block in foreground. (Comyns Carr\n		Illus. 2.4.5. Lithograph of the Romanesque west door of the slype, reused as the south door of the south transept, drawn by ‘Revd T. F.  Lee Del. 1849’ (‘St Alban’s Abbey, in the South Transept’ St Albans City Library, Local History Section Y2350 (V10)).\n		Illus. 2.6.1. The structural development of the north end of the dorter range, stages C to G.\n	PART 3. THE ARCHITECTURE AND DECORATION OF THE CHAPTER HOUSE\n		Illus. 3.2.1. Anglo-Saxon glazed floor tiles (ASGT) Type A. Photographed and drawn by Ian Cartwright and Simon Hayfield.\n		Illus. 3.2.2. Anglo-Saxon glazed floor tiles (ASGT) Type B. Photographed and drawn by Ian Cartwrig\n		Illus. 3.2.3. Anglo-Saxon glazed floor tiles (ASGT) Type C. Photographed and drawn by Ian Cartwrig\n		Illus. 3.2.4. Anglo-Saxon glazed floor tiles (ASGT) Type D. Photographed and drawn by Ian Cartwrig\n		Illus. 3.2.5. Anglo-Saxon glazed floor tiles (ASGT) Type E. Photographed and drawn by Ian Cartwrig\n		Illus. 3.2.6. Anglo-Saxon glazed floor tiles (ASGT) Type F. Photographed and drawn by Ian Cartwrig\n		Illus. 3.2.7. Anglo-Saxon glazed floor tiles (ASGT) Type G. Photographed and drawn by Ian Cartwrig\n		Illus. 3.2.8. Anglo-Saxon glazed floor tiles (ASGT) Type H. Photographed and drawn by Ian Cartwrig\n		Illus. 3.2.9. Anglo-Saxon glazed floor tiles (ASGT) Type I. Photographed and drawn by Ian Cartwrig\n		Illus. 3.2.10. Anglo-Norman glazed floor tiles (ANGT) Type A1-3. Photographed and drawn by Ian Car\n		Illus. 3.2.11. Anglo-Norman glazed floor tiles (ANGT) Type B1-2. Photographed and drawn by Ian Car\n		Illus. 3.2.12. Anglo-Norman glazed floor tiles (ANGT) Type C1-5. Photographed and drawn by Ian Car\n		Illus. 3.2.13. Anglo-Norman glazed floor tiles (ANGT) Type D1-3. Photographed and drawn by Ian Car\n		Illus. 3.2.14. Anglo-Norman glazed floor tiles (ANGT) Type E. Photographed and drawn by Ian Cartwr\n		Illus. 3.2.15. Anglo-Norman glazed floor tiles (ANGT) Type F. Photographed and drawn by Ian Cartwr\n		Illus. 3.2.16. Anglo-Norman glazed floor tiles (ANGT) Type G. Photographed and drawn by Ian Cartwr\n		Illus. 3.2.17. Anglo-Norman glazed floor tiles (ANGT) Type H. Photographed and drawn by Ian Cartwr\n		Illus. 3.2.18. The Romanesque tiled floor (RDFT) of the third chapter house: the evidence of the tiles found in position and the pattern of missing tiles left in the mortar bedding.\n		Illus. 3.2.19. The Romanesque tiled floor (RDFT) of the third chapter house: the extent of the tiles found in position.\n		Illus. 3.2.20. The Romanesque tiled floor (RDFT) of the third chapter house: interpretation and reconstruction.\n		Illus. 3.2.21. Graph of the number of RDFT of each type found in primary position\n		Illus. 3.2.22. Graph of the number of RDFT of each type numbered in the tile sequence\n		Illus. 3.2.23. Graph of the number of fragments of RDFT of each type found in later layers\n		Illus. 3.2.24. Trench 1: Graph of the number of RDFT of each type in the reconstructed floor compare\n		Illus. 3.2.25. Trench 2: Graph of the number of RDFT of each type in the reconstructed floor compare\n		Illus. 3.2.26. Trenches 3 and 4: Graph of the number of RDFT of each type in the reconstructed floor\n		Illus. 3.2.27. Relief-decorated floor tiles (RDFT) type A.\n		Illus. 3.2.28. Relief-decorated floor tiles (RDFT) type B.\n		Illus. 3.2.29. Relief-decorated floor tiles (RDFT) type C.\n		Illus. 3.2.30. Relief-decorated floor tiles (RDFT) types D1-3.\n		Illus. 3.2.31. Relief-decorated floor tiles (RDFT) types E\n		Illus. 3.2.32. Relief-decorated floor tiles (RDFT) Type F\n		Illus. 3.2.33. Relief-decorated floor tiles (RDFT) Type G\n		Illus. 3.2.34. Relief-decorated floor tiles (RDFT) Type H\n		Illus. 3.2.35. Relief-decorated floor tiles (RDFT) Type I\n		Illus. 3.2.36. Relief-decorated floor tiles (RDFT) Type J\n		Illus. 3.2.37. Map showing the distribution of relief-decorated floor tiles (RDFT).\n		Illus. 3.3.1. St Albans Abbey, chapter house interior, showing the plinths and only surviving base of the north jamb of the west door, and the interior of the north-west angle.\n		Illus. 3.3.2. St Albans Abbey, chapter house, interior of the north-west angle.\n		Illus. 3.3.3. St Albans Abbey, chapter house, exterior, decorated pilaster on the exterior of the west wall of the chapter house marking the position of the north wall.\n		Illus. 3.3.4. Rabanus Maurus (British Library, London, MS Royal, 12G. XIV, f. 6r).\n		Illus. 3.3.5. Durham Castle, Co. Durham, doorway c.1175–85 (as Stone 1955, Pl. 63).\n		Illus 3.3.6–8. Group A Jamb Type 1. Confronted fret ornament from west face of west wall of chapter house.\n		Illus. 3.3.9–3.3.11a–b. Group B Jamb Type 2. Confronted chevron and foliage from the interior of the north side of the north opening of the chapter house.\n		Illus. 3.3.12. Group C Jamb Type 3 from the north-west angle of the chapter house.\n		Illus. 3.3.13. Sopwell House Hotel, voussoirs, found 1965 (Roberts 1983 Pl. LXXIX).\n		Illus. 3.3.14a–c. Group D Figural fragment Type 1. Fragment of a standing apostle (?), 19 cm high: made up of RF 2150–2.\n		Illus. 3.3.15. The Dover Bible (Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS. 4, detail of f. 244r).\n		Illus. 3.3.16a–c. Group E Type 2 figural fragment RF 2154–5.\n		Illus. 3.3.17a–b. Group F Type 3 figural fragments RF 119.\n		Illus. 3.3.18. Group F Type 3 figural fragments RF 2158.\n		Illus. 3.3.19. Group F Type 3 figural fragments RF 2175.\n		Illus. 3.3.20. Group G Type 4 figural fragments RF 2149.\n		Illus. 3.3.21. Group H Type 5 figural fragments RF 2148.\n		Illus. 3.3.22. The St Albans Terrence (Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS. Auct. F. 2.13, f. 47r).\n		Illus. 3.3.23. Group I Type 6 figural fragment RF 2147.\n		Illus. 3.3.24. Group J Type 7 figural fragment RF 2003.\n		Illus. 3.3.25. Ivory cross, perhaps carved at St Albans, known as ‘The Cloisters’ or ‘Bury St. Edmunds Cross’, detail. Metropolitan Museum, New York, Acc. No. 63.12.\n		Illus 3.3.26–27. Group K Type 1 semi-shaft fragments RF 2201, 2207, 2221–2, 2224.\n		Illus 3.3.28–29. Group K Type 1 semi-shaft fragments RF 2201, 2207, 2221–2, 2224.\n		Illus 3.3.30–32. Group L Type 2 semi-shaft fragments RF 2227, 2228, 2229, 2230, 2241.\n		Illus 3.3.33–34. Group L Type 2 semi-shaft fragments RF 2227, 2228, 2229, 2230, 2241.\n		Illus 3.3.35–36. Group M Type 3a semi-shaft fragments RF 2204, 2206, 2212.\n		Illus. 3.3.37. Group N Type 3b semi-shaft fragments RF 2240.\n		Illus 3.3.38–39. Group O Type 4 semi-shaft fragments RF 2226, 2238, 2231.\n		Illus 3.3.41–44. Group Q Bobbin arcading and decorative strips RF 2011, 2067, 2126, 2411.\n		Illus 3.3.45–46. Group R Voussoirs RF 2220, 2234, 2217.\n		Illus. 3.3.47. Group S Section of an arch RF 2024.\n		Illus 3.3.48–51. Group T Foliage fragments RF 30, 2017, 2052, 2060.\n		Illus 3.3.52–55. Group T Foliage fragments RF 2177–8, 2183–5, 2187, 2192–3.\n		Illus 3.3.56–60. Group U Miscellaneous moulded stones RF 863, 2014, 2041, 2125\n		Illus. 3.3.61. St Albans Abbey, the capitals in the slype (Carter 1813, Pl. XIX).\n		Illus. 3.3.62. Reconstruction of the third (rectangular) chapter house.\n		Illus. 3.4.1. Cross-section of Sample 1 taken from fragment RF 3022. vi) oxidized metal leaf consisting of silver combined with a little gold; (v) mordant of lead white combined with bone white and a little red lead and charcoal black; (iv) gold leaf; (ii\n		Illus. 3.4.2. Backscatter electron image of the cross-section shown in Illus. 3.4.1. The layer of gold leaf at the centre of the sample is clearly visible. A thin, though less distinct line is also visible at the top of the sample confirming the presence\n		Illus. 3.4.3. X-ray map showing the distribution of gold (Au) over the area of the sample shown in Illus. 3.4.1.\n		Illus. 3.4.4. X-ray map showing the distribution of silver (Ag) over the area of the sample shown in Illus. 3.4.1. The now tarnished metal leaf on the surface of the sample consists of silver combined with a little gold.\n		Illus. 3.4.5. X-ray map for phosphorus (P) shown in red and overlaid onto the backscatter image of the sample shown in Illus. 3.4.1. The main zones of phosphorus are coincident with calcium and suggest the presence of bone white in the white ground (i), v\n		Illus. 3.4.6. Cross-section of Sample 3 taken from fragment RF 3022. (v) trace of a pale layer on the surface similar in appearance to layer (v) in Sample 1 (Illus. 3.4.1); (iv) grey/purple layer consisting of lead white combined with indigo, vermilion an\n		Illus. 3.5.1. The Romanesque west door of the slype, ‘thrown aside amongst the builders rubbish and ruined’ by Lord Grimthorpe’s workmen. Drawn by Steinmetz, published in The Building News, 56 (1889), 795, cf. p. 815 (issue for 7 June 1889).\n		Illus. 3.5.2. The Romanesque ironwork of the west door of the slype, mounted on modern woodwork: Victoria and Albert Museum, London, Ironwork cat. 356/1889 (copyright V&A: photo, GF 738).\n		Illus. 3.5.3a–b. The Romanesque ironwork of the west door of the slype (above), and of the inner door of the north-west porch (below), drawn by R. and J. Brandon: the earliest known record (Brandon and Brandon 1847).\n		Illus. 3.5.4. The Romanesque ironwork of the west door of the slype as located in the south transept (to left), and of the inner door of the north-west porch (to right), drawn by John Neale (Neale 1877, Pl. 29)\n		Illus. 3.5.5. The ‘Romanesque’ ironwork, probably of 1889, on the outer face of the so-called Pilgrim’s Door’, in the north wall of the north transept (NMR, BB80/1057).\n		Illus. 3.6.1a. The fifteenth-century chapter house: diagrammatic plan showing dimensions and features relevant to the fifteenth-century remodelling.\n		Illus. 3.6.1b. The fifteenth-century chapter house, showing Buttresses 1–6 and Bays 1–7, after Illus. 3.6.1a.\n		Illus. 3.6.2. Chapter house vault, some of the larger pieces of rib.\n		Illus. 3.6.3A–F. Chapter house vault, ribs. Scale 5in./125mm. A: vault, a section of a rib-stone (from Trench 3, Layer 303); B: vault, side view of a rib-stone, with the rebate for the cell at left (RF 2353); C: vault rib (RF 2356) with inserted patch (RF\n		Illus. 3.6.4. Chapter house vault, ribs and comparisons. 1: main rib profile, RF 2353; 2: main rib profile with different rebate angle; and potential minor rib profile (B); 3: Oxford, Divinity School, rib & mullion profiles; 4: Oxford, Divinity School, ma\n		Illus. 3.6.5. Chapter house vault, bounding ribs. 1–2: RF 2366, bounding rib profile (solid line), superimposed on the main (radial) rib profile (dotted line); 3: diagrammatic plan of a quarter-conoid of a fan vault; 4: RF 2433: A, profile; B, horizontal\n		Illus. 3.6.6. The fifteenth-century chapter house, interior reconstruction looking east.\n		Illus. 3.6.7. Oxford, the Divinity School, interior.\n		Illus. 3.6.8A–D. Chapter house, stones related to the vault. Scale 5 in./125mm. A: vault, a large piece of wall-rib, with the rebate at right (RF 3640). B: stone with rib mouldings, possibly a wall-rib (RF 2362). C: stone incorporating parts of two rib pr\n		Illus. 3.6.9. Chapter house vault, profile details, superimposed on the main rib profile (dotted line). 1: RF 2443, rib-stone fragment with cusping. 2: RF 2516, fragment with cusping. 3: RF 2520, cusped fragment from window tracery. 4: RF 3640, probably a\n		Illus. 3.6.10. Chapter house vault, piece of cell (RF 3066) reconstructed with two pieces of main rib, seen from the back. Scale 5 in./125mm.\n		Illus. 3.6.11. Chapter house vault, the most complete piece of cell, showing incised guidelines (RF 3066). Scale 5 in./125mm.\n		Illus. 3.6.12. Chapter house, cell stones from vault, RF 3066 (solid line) superimposed on RF 3067 (dashed line).\n		Illus. 3.6.13A–B. Chapter house, fragments of cusping. Scale 5 in./125mm. A: piece of cusping from the vault (RF 2516, left); fragment of cusping from glazed tracery, rear surface show glazing slot (right). B: fragment of vault rib with traces of cusping,\n		Illus. 3.6.14A–B. Chapter house vault, two pieces of fan vault, showing the bounding rib. Scale 5 in./125mm. A: RF 2366. B: RF 3515–8 reassembled.\n		Illus. 3.6.15. Chapter house vault, two pieces of fan vault, showing the back (extrados) of the bounding rib left, RF 3515; right, RF 2366. Scale 5 in./125 mm.\n		Illus. 3.6.16. Chapter house vault, piece of cell (RF 3066) reconstructed with pieces of fan vault and two pieces of main rib. Scale 5 in./125mm.\n		Illus. 3.6.17A–D. Chapter house vault, rib intersections. Scale 5 in./125mm. A: vault, fragmentary intersection of ribs (RF 2402). B: vault, fragmentary intersection of ribs (RF 2432). C: vault, perhaps the intersection of a bounding rib and transverse ri\n		Illus. 3.6.18. Winchester Cathedral, the nave vault, detail.\n		Illus. 3.6.19. Oxford, Divinity School, the vault springing at the south-west corner.\n		Illus. 3.6.20. Winchester Cathedral, presbytery vault, detail of the vault springing.\n		Illus. 3.6.21. Chapter house vault, details, superimposed on the main rib profile (dotted line). 1: RF 2479, fragment of a vault springer, (solid line), reconstructed in profile as corner springer (dashed line). 2: RF 2479, elevation. 3: RF 3512, an arche\n		Illus. 3.6.22. Diagram of a hypothetical lierne vault, to illustrate some possible features of the chapter house vault pattern.\n		Illus. 3.6.23. Windsor Castle, St George’s Chapel, crossing vault, detail.\n		Illus. 3.6.24. Chapter house vault, the heads of the fan-vaulted panels. Scale 5 in./125mm. 1: RF 2366, elevation. 2: RF 3516–8, elevation. 3: left panel reconstructed (dashed line), with main rib profile (solid line).\n		Illus. 3.6.25. Chapter house, octagonal pendant corbels. 1–3: pendant corbel, reconstruction, vertical and horizontal sections, with the RF marked. 4: A, RF 2319 (solid line), superimposed on part of the main rib profile (dotted line). B, RF 2319, top sur\n		Illus. 3.6.26A–B. Seven pieces of octagonal pendants. A: top row (left to right), RF 2021, RF 122, RF 82; bottom row, RF 2048, RF 1781, RF 1783, RF 1780. Scale in inches. B: the same pieces, photographed from different angles.\n		Illus. 3.6.27. Piece of a capital showing circular and polygonal shapes in plan (left, RF 1389); and the top surface of a pendant corbel, showing the incised pattern of the main rib axial moulding (right, RF 2319). Scale 5 in./125mm.\n		Illus. 3.6.28. Tattershall (Lincs.) collegiate church, transept roof, interior detail.\n		Illus. 3.6.29. Winchester Cathedral, presbytery vault, a lierne vault to illustrate some of the possible features of the chapter house vault pattern. Photograph by John Crook.\n		Illus. 3.6.30. Chapter house vault, fragmentary intersections of ribs. 1–3: RF 2432, plan and sections. 4–6: RF 2475, plan and sections. Key: main rib profile, to locate the details of the intersection stones.\n		Illus. 3.6.31. St Albans, monument to Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, vault. Photograph by John Crook.\n		Illus. 3.6.32. Winchester Cathedral, Bishop Waynflete’s chantry chapel, vault. Photograph by John Crook.\n		Illus. 3.6.33. Canterbury Cathedral, the chapter house, exterior from the cloister garth.\n		Illus. 3.6.34. Canterbury Cathedral, the chapter house, interior looking east.\n		Illus. 3.6.35. Exeter Cathedral, the chapter house, interior looking east. © Conway Library, Courtauld Institute of Art, London; photograph, Peter Draper.\n		Illus. 3.6.36. Chapter house, window tracery fragments, including junction pieces RF 2500 (top centre) and RF 3523 (top right). Scale 5 in./145mm.\n		Illus. 3.6.37. Chapter house, window mullion profiles. 1: RF 3073, fragment with a glass slot. 2: six fragments of mullion Type 967, with their RF; the cusped piece (E) is from Trench 1, Layer 89. 3: RF 2509, fragment of cusping. 4: RF 3519, axial mouldin\n		Illus. 3.6.38. Chapter house window tracery, 1–2: diagrams of some Perpendicular window traceries, to illustrate possible provenances of tracery junction pieces; 3: diagram to show some possible features of the east window; 4: diagram to show some possibl\n		Illus. 3.6.39. Sopwell, St Albans, fragment of cusped tracery. 1–2: front face and profile. 3: the Sopwell piece reconstructed as part of a quatrefoil panel.\n		Illus. 3.6.40. St Albans Abbey, monument to Humphrey, duke of Gloucester.\n		Illus. 3.6.41. Chapter house, miscellaneous mullion profiles from the site. 1: Type 990, perhaps from the cloister, late fourteenth century: a, RF 2064, minor mullion; b, RF 3554, axial moulding; c, RF 3532, blind tracery; d, main mullion profile, based o\n		Illus. 3.6.42. Chapter house, window tracery. 1–3: fragments of junction pieces, plans and sections: 1, RF 2500; 2, RF 3523; 3, RF 2478. 4: key: chapter house mullion profiles. To locate components of junction pieces, see Illus. 3.6.43. Thame (Oxon.), par\n		Illus. 3.6.43. Thame (Oxon.), parish church, north transept east window, detail.\n		Illus. 3.6.44. Oxford, Divinity School, exterior, south side.\n		Illus. 3.6.45. Oxford, St. Mary the Virgin, chancel interior.\n		Illus. 3.6.46. Chapter house, window frame and related moulding profiles. 1: Oxford, Divinity School, profile of an internal window frame (Richard Winchcombe, pre-1439). 2: Type 954, probably part of window frame: A, RF 2010; B and C, possible reconstruct\n		Illus. 3.6.47A–D. Chapter house, various moulding fragments. Scale 5 in./125mm. A: three stones reassembled , showing a large casement moulding, perhaps part of a window splay (from Trench 3, Layer 302, Layer 303, Layer 333). B: fragment with ogee and rol\n		Illus. 3.6.48. Chapter house, stringcourse details. 1: Oxford, Divinity School, crenellated stringcourse on a window sill, vertical profile. 2: RF 2488, merlon from a crenellated stringcourse, vertical profile. 3: a, RF 3553, from a ‘T’ junction; b, RF 24\n		Illus. 3.6.49. Chapter house, fragments of capitals or corbels. 1: RF 2115, vertical profile and section. 2: RF 2525, vertical profile and section. 3–6: vertical profiles of RF 2317, 2524, 2523, 2114.\n		Illus. 3.6.50. Chapter house, pieces of capitals or corbels including RF 2115 (left), RF 2114 (top centre) and RF 2317 (bottom right).  Scale 5 in./125 mm.\n		Illus. 3.6.51A–C. Chapter house, fragments of stringcourse. Scale 5 in./125mm. A: pieces of merlon from a crenellated stringcourse, viewed from the front. B: pieces of merlon viewed from the side (RF 2488, right). C: fragment of a ‘T’ junction of roll mou\n		Illus. 3.6.52. Oxford, Divinity School, crenellated stringcourse of an interior window sill.\n		Illus. 3.6.53. Canterbury Cathedral, Lady Chapel, detail of south wall.\n		Illus. 3.6.54A–F. Chapter house, sculptural fragments.\n		Illus. 3.6.55A–F. Chapter house, fragments of foliage carving. Scale 5 in./125 mm. A: leaves with pronounced veins (RF 102 and RF 108, fronts). B: foliage carvings (RF 108 and RF 102, backs). C: oak leaves with incised veins (RF 2049, front, and RF 2023,\n		Illus. 3.6.56. Oxford, St. Mary the Virgin, exterior detail, buttress and ground-course.\n		Illus. 3.7.1A–B. Fragments of window glass excavated from the site of the chapter house at St Albans, decorated with ears of wheat, bound together with ribbons. 715/1 (1:1) and 248/6 (1:1).\n		Illus. 3.7.2. Detail of angels holding a shield bearing the arms of Abbot William Wallingford, from the Wallingford screen, St Albans Abbey. Photo: © Dr John Crook.\n		Illus. 3.7.3A–B. (A) Queen Elizabeth and two of her daughters, including Princess Cecily, from Little Malvern Priory 1480–82. Author photo. (B) Princess Cecily from the Royal window, Canterbury Cathedral, 1482–87. Now in the Burrel Collection. Photo: John\n		Illus. 3.7.4A–B. (A) Partial quarry painted with stylized floral motif, site of the chapter house at St Albans. 563/12. (B) Quarries probably of similar design, York Minster, 1430s. Photo: Nick Teed, the York Glaziers’ Trust.\n		Illus. 3.7.5A–B. Fragments of micro-architectural elements St Albans chapter house site 229/12 a, b. (b) Detail of micro-architectural canopy, Great Malvern Priory, 1480s. Photo by author.\n		Illus. 3.7.6A–B. (A) Fragments of floral-foliage motifs, St Albans Abbey chapter house. 229/6 a-l. (B) Similar white and silver-stain floral foliage motifs in niche spandrels, Little Malvern Priory (Worcs.), 1480–82. Photo by author.\n		Illus. 3.7.7A–B. (A) Fragment of face in profile, St Albans Abbey chapter house. 712/1. (B) Profile faces of similar style from Great Malvern Priory (i), c.1500, and Tattershall (ii), 1482. Photos: Author (Great Malvern), Gordon Plumb (Tattershall).\n		Illus. 3.7.8A–B. (A) Fragmentary decorated architectural element, possible bench end, St Albans chapter house. 229/26 (B) Detail of carved bench end and hanging, Great Malvern Priory, c.1500. Photo by author.\n		Illus. 3.7.9. Finely-painted locks of hair from St Albans Abbey chapter house. 563/9.\n		Illus. 3.7.10A–B. (A) Fragment of female face from St Albans Abbey. 248/4. (B) Detail of the face of the third Mary Resurrection window, Fairford Parish Church (Glos.), 1500–15. Photo © Will Collin.\n		Illus. 3.7.11. Partial female face, framed with head dress, from St Albans Abbey. 564/12.\n		Illus. 3.7.12A–B. (A i and ii) Partial, probably male, faces painted in an exceptionally accomplished style, from the excavated glass remains of the St Albans Abbey chapter house. 563/5 and 564/5. (b) Detail of St Laurence, Froimont diptych by Rogier van\n		Illus. 3.7.13A–B. (A) Fragment of decorative diaper, from the windows of St Albans Abbey chapter house. 248/8. (B) Detail of figure with clothing decorated with similar diaper design, west window, St George’s chapel, Windsor, c.1500. Crown copyright. Repr\n		Illus. 3.7.14A–B. (A) Fragment of quatrefoil motif, St Albans Abbey chapter house. 711/9. (B) Detail of pedestal with similar motif, east window, Winchester Cathedral, first years of the sixteenth century. Reproduced by permission of Historic England.\n		Illus. 3.7.15. Fragment of a clawed animal foot, from among the St Albans Abbey chapter house remains. 564/21.\n		Illus. 3.7.16A–B. (A) An example of a number of leaded, circular medallions with a wavy-armed star motif picked out of a painted ground, from the excavated St Albans chapter house window glass (564/4), comparable to those found elsewhere in late medieval\n		Illus. 3.7.17. Fragments depicting the decorative tiled pavement from the material excavated at St Albans Abbey. 248/5.\n		Illus. 3.7.18. Partial male head from among the St Albans chapter house glazing remains. 229/21.\n		Illus. 3.7.19. Fragments apparently showing lines of text, separated horizontally by painted lines, from the St Albans Abbey chapter house remains. 711/22 a–c.\n		Illus. 3.7.20. Large jewel motif from St Albans Abbey chapter house. 564/23a–b.\n		Illus. 3.7.21. Christ in majesty (panel 9a), the Great East Window, York Minster (1405–08). Other examples can be found in panels 10c, 11h, 2g, 2j, 3c. Photo: Taken by the York Glaziers Trust, reproduced by kind permission of the Chapter of York.\n		Illus. 3.7.22. Narrative panels of the life of St Martin of Tours, surrounding a large central figure of the saint, St Martin-le-Grand, Coney Street, York, dating to the 1440s. Now in window nII, it formerly filled the church’s great west window. Photo: G\n		Illus. 3.7.23A–B. (A i and ii) Examples of fragments almost certainly showing latticed window panes from the St Albans chapter house material. 564/8 and 564/11 (B) Detail of The Apocalypse of St John, block book, impression c. 1478–80, f. 34v (Cambridge U\n		Illus. 3.7.24A–B. (A) Fragment of feathers or scales from the St Albans chapter house remains. 563/10. (B) Detail of The Apocalypse of St John, block book, impression c. 1478–80, f. 12v (Cambridge University Library, Inc.3 [4245]), showing human-headed ‘l\n		Illus. 3.7.25. Apocalypse triptych, attributed to Master Bertram of Minden, c. 1400, now in the Victoria and Albert Museum. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London.\n		Illus. 3.7.26. Partial male, clean-shaven face with possible tear, from the St Albans chapter house remains. 563/5.\n		Illus. 3.7.27. Detail of the head of St Laurence, Great Malvern Priory (Worcs.), 1480s. © Crown copyright. Reproduced by permission of Historic England.\n		Illus. 3.7.28. The martyrdom of St Alban, from Matthew Paris’s The Life of St Alban (MS E. I. 40, Trinity College Library, Dublin, f. 38r). Reproduced by kind permission of the Board of Trinity College Dublin.\n		Illus. 3.7.29A–B. (A) Portion of probable tree branch against an architectural element from the St Albans chapter house remains. 563/1. (B) Early fifteenth-century St Alban pilgrim badge, in private collection (drawing by Nick Griffiths, © Nick Griffiths)\n		Illus. 3.7.30. St Alban, Beauchamp Chapel, St Mary’s, Warwick (1447–64). Photo: Aidan McRae Thomson.\n		Illus. 3.7.31. White(?) glass fragment, painted. Partial face, probably representing an adult male.\n		Illus. 3.7.32. White glass fragment, painted. Partial face, probably female.\n		Illus. 3.7.33. White(?)glass fragment, painted, possibly depicting fur or waves.\n		Illus. 3.7.34. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of band(?) with diamond motif.\n		Illus. 3.7.35. White(?) glass fragment, painted. Portion of unknown, larger-scale subject, possibly drapery.\n		Illus. 3.7.38. White glass fragment, painted, probably depicting hair or fur.\n		Illus. 3.7.39. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of Gothic textura inscription.\n		Illus. 3.7.40. White(?) glass fragment, painted. Portion of Gothic textura inscription, followed by part of decorative terminal flourish.\n		Illus. 3.7.41. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of Gothic textura inscription.\n		Illus. 3.7.42. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of architectural element, possibly a decorative capital.\n		Illus. 3.7.43. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of lattice design in frame, possibly from a representation of a window.\n		Illus. 3.7.44. White(?) glass fragment, painted. Part of a simple, crocketed ‘finial’.\n		Illus. 3.7.45. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of abstract foliage?\n		Illus. 3.7.46. White glass roundel, in original lead, painted. Possibly intended to represent a faceted jewel.\n		Illus. 3.7.47. White(?) glass roundel, in original lead, painted. Five-petalled floral design.\n		Illus. 3.7.48. White(?) glass roundel, painted. Subject unintelligible.\n		Illus. 3.7.49. White glass fragment, painted. Partial face.\n		Illus. 3.7.51. White glass fragment, painted. Possible partial face.\n		Illus. 3.7.52. White(?) glass fragment, painted. Partial hand.\n		Illus. 3.7.55. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of Gothic textura inscription.\n		Illus. 3.7.56. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of Gothic textura inscription.\n		Illus. 3.7.57. White(?) glass fragment, painted. Portion of inscription.\n		Illus. 3.7.58. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of lattice design in frame, possibly from a representation of a window.\n		Illus. 3.7.59. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of lattice design with partial frame and drapery, probably from a representation of a window.\n		Illus. 3.7.60. White glass fragment, painted. Partial window, showing light with cusped head, filled with lattice design, within frame.\n		Illus. 3.7.63. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of diaper design, probably representing floor tiles or wall hangings.\n		Illus. 3.7.64. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of lattice-work design, possibly belonging to a representation of a window opening.\n		Illus. 3.7.66. White glass fragment, painted. Partial Gothic textura inscription.\n		Illus. 3.7.67. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of Gothic textura inscription.\n		Illus. 3.7.68. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of diaper design, probably representing floor tiles or wall hangings.\n		Illus. 3.7.69. Glass fragment. Perhaps representing a jewelled garment border or headdress.\n		Illus. 3.7.70. White glass fragment, painted. Possibly representing lighting bolts striking disturbed earth or waves.\n		Illus. 3.7.71. White glass fragment, painted. Partial head, in profile, wearing hat or headdress.\n		Illus. 3.7.72. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of Gothic textura inscription.\n		Illus. 3.7.73. White glass fragment, painted. Partial male head, possibly tonsured.\n		Illus. 3.7.74. White glass fragment, painted. Partial hand, possibly holding an inscribed book.\n		Illus. 3.7.75. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of ermine design, probably from a garment.\n		Illus. 3.7.76. Blue-grey glass fragment, painted. Painted lines and shading suggest drapery folds.\n		Illus. 3.7.77. White glass fragment, painted. Partial Gothic textura inscription.\n		Illus. 3.7.78. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of elaborately cusped cornicing.\n		Illus. 3.7.79-80. White glass fragments, painted.\n		Illus. 3.7.81. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of probable architectural element, decorated with encircled floral motif.\n		Illus. 3.7.82A–G. A (fragment /2a), B (fragment /2b), C (fragment /2c), D (fragment /2d), E (fragment /2e), F (fragments /2f–h), G (fragments /2i–k). White glass fragments, painted. Portions of decorative, small-scale foliage subject.\n		Illus. 3.7.83A-C. A (fragment /9a), B (fragment /9b),  C (fragment /9c). White glass fragments, pain\n		Illus. 3.7.84. White glass fragments, painted and stained. Depicting various aspects of a four-petal\n		Illus. 3.7.85. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of decorative band, fern-like design.\n		Illus. 3.7.86. White glass fragment, painted. Partial angel or saint’s head.\n		Illus. 3.7.87. White glass fragment, painted. Partial king’s head.\n		Illus. 3.7.88. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of nimbed head.\n		Illus. 3.7.89. White glass fragment, painted. Possibly a garment border.\n		Illus. 3.7.90. Blue glass fragments, painted. Possibly representing decorative floor tiles.\n		Illus. 3.7.91. White glass fragment, painted. Partial wheat sheaf or wheat ears.\n		Illus. 3.7.92. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of diaper design probably representing floor tiles or wall hangings.\n		Illus. 3.7.93. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of linear subject, possibly a ladder.\n		Illus. 3.7.94A–B. (A) White glass fragment, painted. Partial subject, possibly depicting water or waves. (B) White glass fragment, painted. Portion of hair or fur.\n		Illus. 3.7.95A–B. (A) White glass fragment, painted. Portion of jewel painted band and possible fringing, perhaps from a garment. (B) White glass fragment, painted. Probably representing a tiled floor.\n		Illus. 3.7.96. White glass fragment, painted. Partial head, showing hair and portion of cheek.\n		Illus. 3.7.97. White glass fragments, painted, probably originally conjoined. Partial hand.\n		Illus. 3.7.98. White glass fragments, painted. Portions of Gothic textura inscription, of a larger scale than typically found in the chapter house remains.\n		Illus. 3.7.99. White glass fragment, painted. Probably representing part of either a diamond quarried window or a tiled floor.\n		Illus. 3.7.100. White glass fragment, painted. Partial face.\n		Illus. 3.7.101. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of hair or fur.\n		Illus. 3.7.102. White glass fragment, painted. Portion of lattice design in frame, probably from a representation of a window.\n		Illus. 3.8.1. Group A: Derived Wessex tiles (1:3).\n		Illus. 3.8.2. Group B: St Albans tiles (1:3).\n		Illus. 3.8.3. Group C: two-colour (C1–5) and mosaic (C6–11) tiles (1:3).\n		Illus. 3.8.4. Group C: mosaic tiles, C12–19 (1:3).\n		Illus. 3.8.5. Group D: Penn tiles (1:3).\n		Illus. 3.8.6. Group E: Dieppe tiles (1:3).\n		Illus. 3.8.7. Group F: Chiltern tiles (1:3).\n		Illus. 3.8.8. Group G (I): Little Brickhill tiles (1:3).\n		Illus. 3.8.9. Group H: stencilled tiles (1:3).\n		Illus. 3.8.10. Group L: nine-inch Flemish, nail holes indicated by white arrows (1:3).\n		Illus. 3.9.1. Two twelfth-century high relief tiles found in the north transept in 1871 and reset there.\n		Illus. 3.9.2. Minton & Hollins encaustic tiles set in the crossing in 1874.\n		Illus. 3.9.3. Minton & Hollins copy of RDFT Type A, Variant I (1:3).\n		Illus. 3.9.4. Minton & Hollins copy of RDFT Type B, Variant i (1:3).\n		Illus. 3.9.5. Two Minton & Hollins copies of RDFT Type F (1:3).\n		Illus. 3.9.6. Two Minton & Hollins copies of RDFT Type G (1:3).\n		Illus. 3.9.7. RDFT Type F, found in St Albans Abbey in 1871 (probably in the north transept), now in the V&A Museum, C.66-1933  (1:3, W: 159 mm. Th: 28 mm).\n		Illus. 3.9.8. RDFT Type G, probably found in the north transept of St Albans Abbey in 1871, now in the British Museum, Reg. No. 1947, 0505.1066  (1:3, L (incomplete): 140 mm. W: 156 mm. Th: 30 mm).\n		Illus. 3.9.10. Drawing by Sir Edgar Wigram illustrating his findings in 1920.\n		Illus. 3.9.11. The present arrangement of some of the tiles in the presbytery.\n		Illus. 3.9.12. The present arrangement of border tiles by the wall in the presbytery.\n		Illus. 3.9.13. The tiled part of the presbytery floor.\n	PART 4. BURIALS\n		Illus. 4.1.1. Burials in the Anglo-Saxon cemetery beneath the chapter house.\n		Illus. 4.1.2. G. 26, upper left incisors with longitudinal pitting on buccal surfaces, X-ray.\n		Illus. 4.1.3. G. 22, compressed skull fracture, photograph.\n		Illus. 4.1.4. G. 22, looking west.\n		Illus. 4.1.5. G. 36, fractured clavicle, X-ray.\n		Illus. 4.1.6. G.8, looking west.\n		Illus. 4.1.7a–c. G. 8, fractured head of left radius, X-ray.\n		Illus. 4.1.8. G. 21, looking south.\n		Illus. 4.2.1. Burials in the chapter house, some examples.\n		Illus. 4.3.1. Comparison of various British (male) groups: cephalic index and vault height (after Brothwell 1972).\n		Illus. 4.3.2. Skeletogram of Abbot Ralph Gubion (G. 2).\n		Illus. 4.3.3. Fractured fibula of Abbot Ralph Gubion (G. 2).\n		Illus. 4.3.4A–B. Skeleton and skeletogram of Master Adam Rous (G. 6).\n		Illus. 4.3.5A–D. Skull of Master Adam Rous (G. 6).\n		Illus. 4.3.6A–B. Skeleton and skeletogram of Prior Adam Wittenham (G. 7).\n		Illus. 4.3.7A–F. Skull of Prior Adam Wittenham (G. 7).\n		Illus. 4.3.8A–C. Jaw of Prior Adam Wittenham (G. 7).\n		Illus. 4.3.9. Skull of Prior Adam Wittenham (G. 7), showing the excellent edge to edge bite.\n		Illus. 4.3.10. Left foot and left hand of Prior Adam Wittenham (G. 7).\n		Illus. 4.3.11A–B. Skeleton and skeletogram of Adam the Cellarer (G. 11).\n		Illus. 4.3.12A–C. Lower jaw dentition of Adam the Cellarer (G. 11).\n		Illus. 4.3.13A–B. Molar root anomalies in teeth of Adam the Cellarer (G. 11).\n		Illus. 4.3.14. Skeletogram of Abbot Warin of Cambridge (G. 12).\n		Illus. 4.3.15A–D. Skull of Abbot Warin of Cambridge (G. 12).\n		Illus. 4.3.16. Fractured rib of Abbot Warin of Cambridge (G. 12).\n		Illus. 4.3.17a–c. X-rays of the skull of Abbot Warin of Cambridge (G. 12).\n		Illus. 4.3.18A–B. Skeleton and skeletogram of Abbot John de la Moot (G. 13).\n		Illus. 4.3.19a–e. Skull of Abbot John de la Moot (G. 13).\n		Illus. 4.3.20. X-rays of the skull of Abbot John de la Moot (G. 13).\n		Illus. 4.3.21. X-ray showing new bone formation and rodent gnawing on tibiae of Bartholomew Wendover (G. 20).\n		Illus. 4.3.22A–B. Skeleton and skeletogram of Robert of the Chamber (G. 23).\n		Illus. 4.3.23A–E. Skull of Robert of the Chamber (G. 23).\n		Illus. 4.3.24. X-ray of the skull of Robert of the Chamber (G. 23).\n		Illus. 4.3.25. Robbing of G. 4 and G. 5.\n		Illus. 4.3.26. Skeletogram of G. 4/5.\n		Illus. 4.3.27A–B. Photograph and X-ray showing G. 4/5 spine pathology.\n		Illus. 4.3.28a–b. Photograph and X-ray showing G. 4/5 sternum pathology.\n		Illus. 4.3.29. X-ray showing mastoiditis on right mastoid of G. 4/5.\n		Illus. 4.3.30. X-ray of lower jaw found in F. 321 (Trench 3, Layer 321).\n		Illus. 4.4.1. Monolithic stone coffins, twelfth century.\n		Illus. 4.4.2. Monolithic stone coffins, twelfth to thirteenth century.\n		Illus. 4.5.1. Purbeck marble fragments (all three RF 1847, sleeve terminal on left; 1:3).\n		Illus. 4.5.2. Purbeck marble: crocketed shaft with two concave faces (RF 1894; 1:3).\n		Illus. 4.6.1. Purbeck marble indent for a brass of Master Adam Rous (d.1379) (1:20).\n		Illus. 4.6.2. Purbeck marble indent for a brass found in the Shrine of St Alban in 1991 (1:20).\n		Illus. 4.7.1. The Kindersley slate commemorating the abbots of St Albans, set in the presbytery floor.\n		Illus. 4.7.2. The Kindersley slate commemorating the abbots of St Albans.\n		Illus. 4.7.3. Lead boxes containing the abbot’s bones, laid in the presbytery floor.\n		Illus. 4.7.4. The Prior of Bec laying a wreath on the memorial slab.\n		Illus. 4.7.5. The service marking the reburial of the bones of the abbots and others from the chapter house.\n		Illus. 4.7.6. Bones of Robert of the Chamber (G. 23), Adam Wittenham (G. 7), John de la Moot (G. 13), and Abbot Warin of Cambridge (G. 12) (from left to right) in lead caskets.\n	PART 5. FINDS\n		Illus. 5.1.1. Graph showing the variation of cumulative proportional coin loss over time at various sites around St Albans, in relation to the overall cumulative mean of these sites (the cumulative mean follows 0 on the Y-axis).6  An upwards gradient indi\n		Illus. 5.1.2. Post-medieval coins and farthings (2:1).\n		Illus. 5.1.3. Jetton 1, Unplaced Central Group or ?South German, late 15th cent. (RF 1840; 2:1).\n		Illus. 5.1.4. Jetton 2, probably Tournai c.1450–77 (RF 63; 2:1).\n		Illus. 5.1.5. Lead cast tokens 1–7, see p. 417 (1:1).\n		Illus. 5.2.1. Papal bulla from St Albans Abbey chapter house: scale 2:1.\n		Illus. 5.2.2. Bulla from Oxborough, Norfolk (HER 50137): scale 2:1.\n		Illus. 5.2.3. Unprovenanced bulla probably from Norfolk: scale 2:1.\n		Illus. 5.3.1. The stirrup-shaped gold ring (2:1).\n		Illus. 5.5.1. The ivory crozier: fragments in a reconstruction.\n		Illus. 5.5.2. Ivory crozier head, twelfth-century, with later metal additions (1:2) Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Acc. No. AN1685A.600.\n		Illus. 5.7.1. Gilt copper-alloy disc brooch (2:1).\n		Illus. 5.7.2. Gilt copper-alloy disc brooch (2:1).\n		Illus. 5.8.1. Copper-alloy hooked fastener (2:1).\n		Illus. 5.9.1. Book clasps (1:1).\n		Illus. 5.9.2. Copper-alloy objects 13, 19–21, 26, 31–2, and 34 (1:1).\n		Illus. 5.9.3. Flask of thin sheet white metal, probably pewter (1:1).\n		Illus. 5.9.4. Buttons 42, 47, and 53 (1:1).\n		Illus. 5.10.1. Keys (1:2).\n		Illus. 5.10.2. Iron ferrule (20, p. 437), sketch reconstruction (1:3).\n		Illus. 5.11.1. Oak-leaf lead ceiling decoration (1:1).\n		Illus. 5.13.1. Flint axe-head (RF 980) (Scale: 1:2).\n		Illus. 5.13.2. D-shaped flake scraper (RF 1011) (Scale: 1:2).\n		Illus. 5.15.1. Fragment of red glass bottle (RF 778; 1:1).\n		Illus. 5.17.1. Lava quern, Fragment 5 (1:4).\n		Illus. 5.18.1. Verulamium-region white ware vessels, RF 1700 (top) and RF 1702 (bottom) (both 1:2).\n		Illus. 5.19.1. Clay pipes Nos. 1–9 (1:1) These illustrations show the different bowl types and other pieces of particular interest for dating purposes.\n		Illus. 5.19.2. Clay pipes Nos. 10–16 (1:1).\n		Illus. 5.19.3. Clay pipes Nos. 17–27 (1:1).\n		Illus. 5.20.1. Species ratios based on NISP for the large domestic mammals from St Albans Abbey chapter house, Final phases 3 and 4, West Stow West, Brandon, Ipswich, and Wicken Bonhunt.\n		Illus. 5.20.2. Mandible wear stages (MWS, Grant 1982) for pig mandibles from St Albans Abbey chapter house, Final phases 3 and 4.\n		Illus. 5.20.3. Mandible wear stages (MWS, Grant 1982) for sheep and goat mandibles from St Albans Abbey chapter house, Final phases 3 and 4.\n	APPENDICES\n		Illus. A.II.1. Conventions for plans and sections.\n		Illus. A.II.2. Phasing chart.\n		Illus. A.II.3. The chapter house: location of Sections 1–10.\n		Section 1 (pages 504–507), east–west, looking south across the full width of the north end of the dorter undercroft and part of the east walk of the cloister.\n		Section 2 (pages 508–509), east–west, looking south across the west wall of the dorter range (Walls 6 and 57) and the rebuild of the cloister (Wall 7), with the stairway from the cloister walk to the first floor of the dorter.\n		Section 3 (pages 510–516), west–east, looking north, from the cloister and the west wall of the dorter range (Walls 6 and 57) down the length of the chapter house to the east wall (Wall 14).\n		Section 4 (pages 511-516, bottom), west-east, looking north, from the vestibule of the chapter house\n		Section 5 (pages 517–521) south–north, looking west, along the east walk of the cloister.\n		Section 6 (pages 522–523), south–north, looking west, across the north half of the chapter house, with the grave of Robert of the Chamber (G. 23, d. 1159) and the stone coffins of Adam the Cellarer (G. 11, d. 1167–76) and Abbot Warin of Cambridge (G. 12,\n		Section 7 (pages 524–528), south–north, looking west, across the width of the chapter house and its south wall into the undercroft of the dorter range.\n		Section 8 (pages 529–534), north–south, looking east, across the width of the chapter house and south into the area east of the dorter range.\n		Section 9, north–south, looking east, across the south half of the chapter house, from the grave of Richard d’Albini (G.14, d.1119) to the south wall, showing some of the tiles of the floor still in position.\n		Section 10 (pages 536–540), north–south, looking east, outside the east end of the chapter house, showing its north-east and south-east buttresses (Walls 11 and 32) and part of its south-east corner (Wall 20).\nList of Tables\n	PART 1. INTRODUCTION\n		Table 1.1.1. English apsidal chapter houses of the eleventh and early twelfth century: comparative internal dimensions\n		Table 1.1.2. English, Scottish and Welsh square-ended chapter houses of the eleventh and early twelfth century: comparative internal dimensions\n	PART 2. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE\n		Table 2.2.1. The site of the chapter house: approximate distances between ditches F. 571 and F. 402\n		Table 2.2.2. The ratios of coins, sherds of vessel glass, and sherds of pottery found in 1978 and 1982\n		Table 2.2.3. The site of the chapter house: the Anglo-Saxon cemetery ordered by grave number\n		Table 2.2.4. The Anglo-Saxon cemetery below the chapter house ordered by generation and grave number\n		Table 2.2.5. The Anglo-Saxon cemetery below the chapter house ordered by age at death\n		Table 2.2.6. The Anglo-Saxon cemetery below the chapter house ordered by generation and depth\n		Table 2.2.7. The Anglo-Saxon cemetery below the chapter house: details of the coffins and head-rests\n		Table 2.3.1. Burials inside the chapter house in order of date of death.\n		Table 2.3.2. Burials inside the chapter house in grave number order.\n		Table 2.3.3. Paul of Caen’s church and chapter house: their main dimensions compared\n		Table 2.3.4. The main dimensions of the successive chapter houses: a summary\n		Table 2.3.5. Worked stone from the chapter house\n		Table 2.3.6. Robert of Gorham’s chapter house: the main dimensions. The measurements rounded by at most 1 per cent of the length.\n		Table 2.3.7. Robert of Gorham’s chapter house: the ideal internal proportions\n		Table 2.3.8. St Albans Abbey coordinates used in calculating distances between the major elements of the claustral complex\n		Table 2.4.1. Levels in the area of the cloister west of the chapter house, Final phase 11 (1077–88)\n		Table 2.4.2. Levels in the area of the cloister west of the chapter house, Final phases 17–20 (1154–83)\n		Table 2.4.3. Levels in the area of the cloister west of the chapter house, Final phase 26 (1350–96)\n		Table 2.5.1. St Albans Abbey: dimensions in the cloister and the contemporary dimensions of the church\n		Table 2.5.2. Nave lengths of some major eleventh-century churches (excluding western towers)12\n		Table 2.5.3. Internal width of the cloister walks at St Albans and other cathedrals in England and Scotland15\n	PART 3. THE ARCHITECTURE AND DECORATION OF THE CHAPTER HOUSE\n		Table 3.2.1 Anglo-Saxon RDFT from St Albans Abbey. Fragments without Final phase (P.ph.) are from Trenches 5, 6, and 8 (1982–4) and Trenches 10–13 and 17 (1994–5).\n		Table 3.2.2 Anglo-Norman RDFT from St Albans Abbey. Items without Final phase (P.ph.) are from Trenches 5, 6, and 8 (1982–4) and Trenches 10–13 and 17 (1994–5)\n		Table 3.2.3. RDFT Types A–J: the decorative elements\n		Table 3.2.4. RDFT fragments from early contexts (graves)\n		Table 3.2.5. Numbers of RDFT Types A–F in the three principal parts of the reconstructed primary floor\n		* = Not possible to estimate; R = Number of tiles needed in suggested reconstruction of primary floor; P = Number of tiles found in primary position; S = Number of tiles numbered in the tile sequence (found in position as the floor was in 1539); F = Numbe\n		Table 3.2.6: RDFT analysis\n		Table 3.2.7: RDFT: sizes of final types.\n		Table 3.2.8. RDFT tiles: quantities of from the St Albans Abbey chapter house and elsewhere\n		Table 3.3.1. The Romanesque sculpture: the phasing of the five groups of fragments\n		Table 3.3.2. Capitals drawn by Carter in 1799 and those in The Builder in 1856\n		Table 3.8.1. Slip-decorated tiles Groups A–H: qualities and phasing\n		Table 3.8.2. Slip-decorated and plain tiles used to repair the pavement of the chapter house\n	PART 4. BURIALS\n		Table 4.1.1. Pre-chapter house remains: minimum number of individuals from each group\n		Table 4.1.2. Intact pre-chapter house graves: age/sex structure\n		Table 4.1.3. Intact pre-chapter house graves: stature estimations from intact long bones\n		Table 4.1.4. Intact pre-chapter house graves: dental health\n		Table 4.1.5. Intact pre-chapter house graves: osteoarthritic pathology, severe conditions\n		Table 4.1.6. Intact pre-chapter house graves: fractures\n		Table 4.1.7a. Intact pre-chapter house Graves 1–25: summary table\n		Table 4.1.7b. Intact pre-chapter house Graves 26–36: summary table continued\n		Table 4.1.8. Intact pre-chapter house graves: measurements of bones\n		Table 4.1.9. Pre-chapter house remains: summary table of remains other than those found in intact pre-chapter house graves\n		Table 4.3.1. Burials in the chapter house: minimum number of individuals\n		Table 4.3.2. Burials in the chapter house: age/sex structure\n		Table 4.3.3. Burials in the chapter house: stature estimations from intact long bones\n		Table 4.3.4. Stature of Anglo-Saxon, medieval, and modern individuals (modified from Wells 1963)\n		Table 4.3.5. Burials in the chapter house: dental health\n		Table 4.3.6. Burials in the chapter house: pathology\n		Table 4.3.7. Burials in the chapter house: the eight identified graves (Group A)\n		Table 4.3.8. Burials in the chapter house: bones from the robbing of Graves 4 and 5 (Group B), and from F. 321 and associated features (Group C, the robbing of Graves 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19)\n		Table 4.3.9. Bones from other chapter house layers (Group D*)\n		Table 4.4.1. Burials in the chapter house: the ten burials in stone coffins in chronological order\n		Table 4.4.2. Burials in the chapter house: the six burials not in stone coffins in chronological order\n		Table  4.5.1. Burials in the chapter house: fragments of tomb slabs of Tournai and Purbeck marble ordered by association with graves\n	PART 5. FINDS\n		Table 5.1.1. Verulamium: numbers of fourth-century coins\n		Table 5.1.3. Roman coin loss over time at various sites in and around St Albans8\n		Table 5.1.4. Roman coins from the cemetery at St Stephens: preliminary identifications9\n		Table 5.14.1. Phasing of Roman vessel and window glass from the site of the chapter house\n		Table 5.15.1. Phasing of medieval vessel glass\n		Table 5.16.1. Phasing of glass beads\n		Table 5.17.1. Phasing of lava and sandstone querns\n		Table 5.18.1. Roman pottery from the chapter house site: fabric identifications\n		Table 5.18.2. Roman pottery from the chapter house site: phasing1\n		Table 5.18.3. Medieval and fifteenth- to sixteenth-century ceramics from the chapter house site: fabric identifications\n		Table 5.20.1. St Albans Abbey chapter house, Final phase 3: animal species, number of bones identified\n		Table 5.20.2. St Albans Abbey chapter house: animal species, number of bones identified from Final phase 4\n		Table 5.20.3. St Albans Abbey chapter house: animal species, number of bones identified from Final phase 5\n		Table 5.20.4. St Albans Abbey chapter house: animal species, number of bones identified from Final phase 6\n		Table 5.20.5. St Albans Abbey chapter house: animal species, number of bones identified from Final phase 7\n		Table 5.20.6. St Albans Abbey chapter house: animal species, number of bones identified from Final phase 8\n		Table 5.20.7. St Albans Abbey chapter house: animal species, number of bones identified from Final phase 9\n		Table 5.20.8. St Albans Abbey chapter house: animal species, number of bones identified from Final phase 10\n		Table 5.20.9. St Albans Abbey chapter house: species ratios based on NISP for the large domestic mammals from Final phases 3 and 4, and from other Early and Middle Anglo-Saxon sites from eastern England\n		Table 5.20.10. St Albans Abbey chapter house: the percentage of deer bones in relation to the number of bones of deer and large domestic mammals for Final phases 3 and 4, and other Anglo-Saxon sites in eastern England\n		Table 5.20.11. St Albans Abbey chapter house: body-part distributions for cattle, caprines, pigs, and roe deer from Final phase 3\n		Table 5.20.12. St Albans Abbey chapter house: body-part distributions for cattle, caprines, pigs, and roe deer from Final phase 4\n		Table 5.20.13. St Albans Abbey chapter house: numbers and percentages of cattle, sheep/goat, pig, horse, and roe deer bones recovered from the primary (F. 500) and the upper (F. 501) fills of the middle ditch beneath the chapter house\n		Table 5.20.14. St Albans Abbey chapter house: epiphyseal fusion data for pigs from Final phases 3 and 4\n		Table 5.20.15. St Albans Abbey chapter house: epiphyseal fusion data for cattle from Final phases 3 and 4\n		Table 5.20.16. St Albans Abbey chapter house: epiphyseal fusion data for sheep and goats from Final phases 3 and 4\n		Table 5.20.17. St Albans Abbey chapter house: the greatest lateral length (GLl) of the cattle astragali from Final phases 3 and 4  compared to the metrical data from other Early and Middle Anglo-Saxon sites in East Anglia (measurements in mm)\n		Table 5.20.18. St Albans Abbey chapter house: the distal breadth (Bd) of sheep/goat tibiae from Final phases 3 and 4 compared to the metrical data from other Early and Middle Anglo-Saxon sites in East Anglia (measurements in mm)\n		Table 5.20.19. St Albans Abbey chapter house: measurements on pig bones from Final phases 3 and 4 compared to the metrical data from other Early and Middle Anglo-Saxon sites in East Anglia (measurements in mm)\n		Table 5.20.20. St Albans Abbey chapter house: Distribution of butchery marks on fifth- to ninth-century animal bones (Final phases 3 and 4)\nList of Abbreviations\nList of References\nPART 1. INTRODUCTION\n	1. Introduction\n		by Martin Biddle and Megan Kirkpatrick\nPART 2. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE\n	1. The Geology of the Site\n		by the late JOHN CATT\n	2. The Site Before the Building of the Chapter House\n		by Martin Biddle and Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle\n	3. The Chapter Houses\n		by Martin Biddle and Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle\n	4. The Slype\n		by Martin Biddle and Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle\n	5. The East Cloister Walk\n		by Martin Biddle and Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle\n	6. The Dorter Range\n		by Martin Biddle and Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle\n	7. The Areas around the Chapter House\n		by Martin Biddle and Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle\nPART 3. THE ARCHITECTURE AND DECORATION OF THE CHAPTER HOUSE\n	1. The Building Stones\n		by the late F.W. Anderson1\n	2. The Tiled Floors of the Chapter House\n		by Martin Biddle, Birthe Kjølbye-Biddle and Megan Kirkpatrick\n	3. The Sculpture and Mouldings of the Third (Rectangular) Chapter House\n		by the late George Zarnecki and Deborah Kahn\n	4. The Pigments Used in Painting the Sculpture of the Third (Romanesque) Chapter House of 1151–66 and a Gothic Screen of c.1325–50\n		by HELEN HOWARD, for the late JOYCE PLESTERS\n	5. The Ironwork of the (Romanesque) Door of the Slype\n		by Jane Geddes\n	6. The Architecture of the Fourth Vaulted Fifteenth-Century Chapter House\n		by the late Richard K. Morris\n	7. The Window Glass and Leading of the Fifteenth-Century Chapter House\n		by Heather Gilderdale Scott with contributions by Sally Badham\n	8. Slip-Decorated and Plain Floor Tiles\n		by Mark Horton\n	9. THE REPAVING OF THE PRESBYTERY IN THE 1870S USING MINTON TILES COPIED FROM THE PAVING OF THE THIRD CHAPTER HOUSE\n		by JANE KELSALL\nPART 4. BURIALS\n	1. Burials Before the Chapter House: The Skeletal Remains\n		by Michael Donmall1,2\n	2. Burials in the Chapter House: IDENTIFICATION, WRITTEN EVIDENCE, AND DISCUSSION\n		by Martin Biddle and Megan Kirkpatrick\n	3. Burials in the Chapter House: The Skeletal Remains\n		by Michael Donmall1\n	4. Coffins\n		by Martin Biddle\n	5. Marble Tomb Slabs\n		by Lawrence Butler\n	6. The Purbeck Marble Indent for a Brass of Master Adam Rous and Indents of Brasses Found in the Shrine of St Alban\n		by Richard J. Busby\n	7. The Reburial in the Presbytery in 1979 of the Abbots and Others Buried in the Medieval Chapter House\n		by JANE KELSALL\n		with contributions by HELEN PATERSON\nPART 5. FINDS\n	1.i. Roman Coins\n		Introductory note by Martin Biddle\n		by Richard Reece\n	1.ii. Medieval Coins\n		by Hugh E. Pagan\n	1.iii. Post-Medieval Coins and Tokens\n		by R. H. Thompson\n	1.iv. Jettons\n		by the late Stuart E. Rigold\n	1.v. Lead or Lead-alloy Cast Tokens or Counters\n		by the late Geoff Egan\n	2. Papal Bulla\n		by Tim Pestell\n	3. STIRRUP-SHAPED GOLD RING\n		by JOHN CHERRY\n	4. GOLD THREAD FROM THE GRAVE OF ABBOT WARIN OF CAMBRIDGE\n		by the late ELISABETH CROWFOOT1\n	5. Ivory Crozier of Abbot Warin of Cambridge\n		by Paul Williamson\n	6. PEWTER CHALICE FROM THE GRAVE OF ROBERT OF THE CHAMBER (d.1154 x 1160)\n		by Peter Northover and Martin Biddle\n	7. GILT COPPER-ALLOY DISC PROBABLY FROM A BROOCH\n		by STEVEN ASHLEY and PETER NORTHOVER\n	8. COPPER-ALLOY HOOKED FASTENER\n		by MARTIN BIDDLE and BIRTHE-KJØLBYE-BIDDLE\n	9. Objects of Copper Alloy and Gold\n		by Martin Biddle1\n	10. Ironwork\n		by Martin Biddle1\n	11. LEAD OBJECTS\n		by MARTIN BIDDLE and the late GEOFF EGAN\n	12. Bone Objects\n		by MARTIN BIDDLE\n	13. Neolithic Polished Axe and Worked Flints\n		by Helen M. Bamford\n	14. ROMAN VESSEL AND WINDOW GLASS\n		by MARTIN BIDDLE\n	15. MEDIEVAL VESSEL GLASS\n		by MARTIN BIDDLE\n	16. ROMAN GLASS BEADS\n		by MARTIN BIDDLE\n	17. LAVA AND SANDSTONE QUERNS\n		by MARTIN BIDDLE\n	18.i. Iron Age Pottery and the Prehistoric Background\n		by Nicola Metcalf1\n	18.ii. The Roman Pottery\n		by Stephen J. Greep and Francis M. Morris1\n	18.iii. MEDIEVAL AND FIFTEENTH/SIXTEENTH-CENTURY CERAMICS\n		by ALISON TURNER-RUGG\n	18.iv. Imported Medieval Pottery\n		by the late John Hurst\n	18.v. Stoneware\n		by Robin Hildyard\n	18.vi. Tin-Glazed Pottery\n		by Michael Archer\n	18.vii. White Salt-Glazed Stoneware\n		by S. J. Green\n	19. Clay Tobacco Pipes\n		by D. R. Atkinson1\n	20. Animal Bones\n		by Pam J. Crabtree\n	21. Modern Coffin Furniture\n		by Julian W. S. Litten\nAPPENDICES\n	Appendix I\n		Burials in the Chapter House\n			by Martin Biddle\n	Appendix II\n		Sections and Plans\n		Pages 501-540\nIndex\nAbout the Editors