SPSS Amos 7.0 User's Guide

Amos™ 7.0 User\'s Guide......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 3
1 Introduction......Page 19
Featured Methods......Page 20
About the Examples......Page 21
Other Sources of Information......Page 22
Acknowledgments......Page 23
Ordered-Categorical Data......Page 25
Data Imputation for Ordered-Categorical and Censored Data......Page 26
No Bayesian Prerequisites......Page 27
Introduction......Page 29
About the Data......Page 30
Launching Amos Graphics......Page 31
Creating a New Model......Page 32
Specifying the Model and Drawing Variables......Page 33
Naming the Variables......Page 34
Drawing Arrows......Page 35
Constraining a Parameter......Page 36
To Delete an Object......Page 37
Setting Up Optional Output......Page 38
To View Text Output......Page 40
To View Graphics Output......Page 41
Printing the Path Diagram......Page 42
Copying Text Output......Page 43
About the Data......Page 45
Bringing In the Data......Page 46
Specifying the Model......Page 47
Naming the Variables......Page 48
Establishing Covariances......Page 49
Viewing Graphics Output......Page 50
Viewing Text Output......Page 51
Calculating Standardized Estimates......Page 55
Viewing Correlation Estimates as Text Output......Page 56
Distribution Assumptions for Amos Models......Page 57
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 58
Modeling in C#......Page 61
Other Program Development Tools......Page 62
Parameters Constraints......Page 63
Constraining Variances......Page 64
Specifying Equal Parameters......Page 65
Constraining Covariances......Page 66
Moving and Formatting Objects......Page 67
Data Input......Page 68
Viewing Text Output......Page 69
Optional Output......Page 70
Covariance Matrix Estimates......Page 71
Labeling Output......Page 73
Hypothesis Testing......Page 74
Displaying Chi-Square Statistics on the Path Diagram......Page 75
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 77
Timing Is Everything......Page 79
Bringing In the Data......Page 81
Specifying the Model......Page 82
Viewing Text Output......Page 84
Viewing Graphics Output......Page 85
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 87
About the Data......Page 89
Analysis of the Data......Page 90
Specifying the Model......Page 91
Fixing Regression Weights......Page 92
Viewing the Text Output......Page 94
Viewing Graphics Output......Page 96
Viewing Additional Text Output......Page 97
Assumptions about Correlations among Exogenous Variables......Page 99
Equation Format for the AStructure Method......Page 100
About the Data......Page 103
Measurement Model......Page 105
Structural Model......Page 106
Specifying the Model......Page 107
Changing the Orientation of the Drawing Area......Page 108
Creating the Path Diagram......Page 109
Duplicating Measurement Models......Page 110
Results for Model A......Page 112
Model B......Page 115
Results for Model B......Page 116
Testing Model B against Model A......Page 118
Model A......Page 120
Model B......Page 121
About the Data......Page 123
Specifying the Model......Page 124
Results of the Analysis......Page 125
Dealing with Rejection......Page 126
Using Modification Indices......Page 127
Changing the Modification Index Threshold......Page 128
Model B for the Wheaton Data......Page 129
Text Output......Page 130
Graphics Output for Model B......Page 131
Calculating Critical Ratios......Page 132
Results for Model C......Page 136
Parameter Estimates for Model C......Page 137
Multiple Models in a Single Analysis......Page 138
Viewing Fit Statistics for All Four Models......Page 141
Obtaining Optional Output......Page 143
Obtaining Tables of Indirect, Direct, and Total Effects......Page 144
Model A......Page 145
Model B......Page 146
Model C......Page 147
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 148
About the Data......Page 151
Felson and Bohrnstedt’s Model......Page 152
Text Output......Page 153
Obtaining Squared Multiple Correlations......Page 155
Graphics Output......Page 156
Stability Index......Page 157
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 158
About the Data......Page 159
A Common Factor Model......Page 160
Identification......Page 161
Drawing the Model......Page 162
Results of the Analysis......Page 163
Obtaining Standardized Estimates......Page 164
Viewing Standardized Estimates......Page 165
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 166
Analysis of Covariance and Its Alternative......Page 167
About the Data......Page 168
Model A for the Olsson Data......Page 169
Identification......Page 170
Requesting Modification Indices......Page 171
Results for Model B......Page 173
Model C for the Olsson Data......Page 175
Fitting All Models At Once......Page 176
Model B......Page 177
Model C......Page 178
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 179
Analysis of Several Groups......Page 181
Model A......Page 182
Specifying Model A......Page 183
Text Output......Page 188
Graphics Output......Page 189
Model B......Page 190
Text Output......Page 192
Model A......Page 193
Model B......Page 194
Multiple Model Input......Page 195
About the Data......Page 197
Specifying a Figure Caption......Page 198
Text Output for Model A......Page 201
Graphics Output for Model A......Page 203
Model B for Girls and Boys......Page 204
Text Output......Page 206
Graphics Output......Page 209
Model C for Girls and Boys......Page 210
Results for Model C......Page 213
Model A......Page 214
Model C......Page 215
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 216
About the Data......Page 217
Naming the Groups......Page 218
Specifying the Data......Page 219
Text Output......Page 220
Graphics Output......Page 221
Model B for the Holzinger and Swineford Boys and Girls......Page 222
Text Output......Page 224
Graphics Output......Page 225
Model A......Page 228
Model B......Page 229
Means and Intercept Modeling......Page 231
Mean Structure Modeling in Amos Graphics......Page 232
Text Output......Page 234
Model B for Young and Old Subjects......Page 236
Multiple Model Input......Page 238
Model A......Page 239
Model B......Page 240
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 241
Assumptions Made by Amos......Page 243
Specifying the Model......Page 244
Text Output......Page 245
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 247
Factor Means......Page 251
Specifying the Model......Page 252
Understanding the Cross-Group Constraints......Page 254
Graphics Output......Page 255
Model B for Boys and Girls......Page 257
Comparing Models A and B......Page 259
Model A......Page 260
Model B......Page 261
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 262
Assumptions......Page 263
About the Data......Page 264
Specifying the Model......Page 265
Text Output......Page 267
Model B......Page 269
Results for Model B......Page 271
Model C......Page 272
Results for Model C......Page 273
Model D......Page 274
Results for Model D......Page 275
Fitting Models A Through E in a Single Analysis......Page 277
Modeling in Amos Graphics......Page 278
Model Y......Page 279
Results for Model Y......Page 281
Model Z......Page 282
Results for Model Z......Page 283
Model A......Page 284
Model B......Page 285
Model C......Page 286
Model D......Page 287
Model E......Page 288
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 289
Models X, Y, and Z......Page 290
Incomplete Data......Page 291
About the Data......Page 292
Specifying the Model......Page 293
Saturated and Independence Models......Page 294
Text Output......Page 295
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 297
Fitting the Factor Model (Model A)......Page 298
Fitting the Saturated Model (Model B)......Page 299
Computing the Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square Statistic and P......Page 303
Performing All Steps with One Program......Page 304
Missing Data......Page 305
About the Data......Page 306
Model A......Page 307
Text Output......Page 309
Model B......Page 312
Output from Models A and B......Page 313
Model A......Page 314
Model B......Page 315
The Bootstrap Method......Page 317
A Factor Analysis Model......Page 318
Results of the Analysis......Page 319
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 323
Bootstrap Approach to Model Comparison......Page 325
Five Models......Page 326
Text Output......Page 330
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 332
Estimation Methods......Page 333
About the Model......Page 334
Text Output......Page 337
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 340
About the Model......Page 341
Specifying the Model......Page 342
Selecting Program Options......Page 344
Performing the Specification Search......Page 345
Viewing Generated Models......Page 346
Viewing Parameter Estimates for a Model......Page 347
Using BCC to Compare Models......Page 348
Viewing the Akaike Weights......Page 349
Using BIC to Compare Models......Page 350
Using Bayes Factors to Compare Models......Page 351
Rescaling the Bayes Factors......Page 353
Examining the Short List of Models......Page 354
Viewing a Scatterplot of Fit and Complexity......Page 355
Adjusting the Line Representing Constant Fit......Page 357
Viewing the Line Representing Constant C - df......Page 358
Adjusting the Line Representing Constant C - df......Page 359
Viewing the Best-Fit Graph for C......Page 360
Viewing the Best-Fit Graph for Other Fit Measures......Page 361
Viewing the Scree Plot for C......Page 362
Viewing the Scree Plot for Other Fit Measures......Page 364
Specification Search with Many Optional Arrows......Page 366
Setting Options to Their Defaults......Page 367
Performing the Specification Search......Page 368
Using BIC to Compare Models......Page 369
Limitations......Page 370
About the Model......Page 371
Opening the Specification Search Window......Page 372
Setting Options to Their Defaults......Page 373
Performing the Specification Search......Page 375
Using BCC to Compare Models......Page 376
Viewing the Short List of Models......Page 379
Heuristic Specification Search......Page 380
Performing a Stepwise Search......Page 381
Viewing the Scree Plot......Page 382
Limitations of Heuristic Specification Searches......Page 383
Model 24a: Modeling without Means and Intercepts......Page 385
Opening the Multiple-Group Analysis Dialog Box......Page 386
Viewing the Parameter Subsets......Page 388
Viewing the Generated Models......Page 389
Fitting All the Models and Viewing the Output......Page 390
Customizing the Analysis......Page 391
Specifying the Model......Page 392
Removing Constraints......Page 393
Generating the Cross-Group Constraints......Page 394
Fitting the Models......Page 395
Viewing the Output......Page 396
About the Model......Page 399
Constraining the Latent Variable Means and Intercepts......Page 400
Generating Cross-Group Constraints......Page 401
Viewing the Text Output......Page 403
Examining the Modification Indices......Page 404
Modifying the Model and Repeating the Analysis......Page 405
Bayesian Estimation......Page 407
Selecting Priors......Page 409
Estimating the Covariance......Page 410
Results of Maximum Likelihood Analysis......Page 411
Bayesian Analysis......Page 412
Examining the Current Seed......Page 414
Changing the Current Seed......Page 415
Changing the Refresh Options......Page 417
Assessing Convergence......Page 418
Diagnostic Plots......Page 420
Bivariate Marginal Posterior Plots......Page 426
Changing the Confidence Level......Page 429
Learning More about Bayesian Estimation......Page 430
More about Bayesian Estimation......Page 431
About the Data......Page 432
Fitting a Model by Maximum Likelihood......Page 433
Changing the Number of Burn-In Observations......Page 434
The Wheaton Data Revisited......Page 445
Indirect Effects......Page 446
Estimating Indirect Effects......Page 447
Bayesian Analysis of Model C......Page 449
Additional Estimands......Page 450
Inferences about Indirect Effects......Page 453
The Stability of the Alienation Model......Page 459
Numeric Custom Estimands......Page 465
Dragging and Dropping......Page 469
Defining a Dichotomous Estimand......Page 479
About the Example......Page 483
Performing Multiple Data Imputation Using Amos Graphics......Page 484
Analyzing the Imputed Data Files Using SPSS......Page 491
Step 2: Ten Separate Analyses......Page 492
Step 3: Combining Results of Multiply Imputed Data Files......Page 493
Further Reading......Page 495
About the Data......Page 497
Analyzing the Data......Page 499
Performing a Regression Analysis......Page 500
Posterior Predictive Distributions......Page 503
Imputation......Page 506
General Inequality Constraints on Data Values......Page 510
About the Data......Page 511
Specifying the Data File......Page 513
Recoding the Data within Amos......Page 514
Specifying the Model......Page 522
Fitting the Model......Page 523
MCMC Diagnostics......Page 526
Posterior Predictive Distributions......Page 528
Posterior Predictive Distributions for Latent Variables......Page 533
Imputation......Page 538
A Notation......Page 543
B Discrepancy Functions......Page 545
C Measures of Fit......Page 549
DF......Page 550
P......Page 551
Rules of Thumb......Page 553
NCP......Page 554
RMSEA......Page 555
Rule of Thumb......Page 556
AIC......Page 557
BIC......Page 558
ECVI......Page 559
Comparisons to a Baseline Model......Page 560
NFI......Page 561
RFI......Page 562
TLI......Page 563
Parsimony Adjusted Measures......Page 564
GFI......Page 565
AGFI......Page 566
HOELTER......Page 567
RMR......Page 568
Selected List of Fit Measures......Page 569
D Numeric Diagnosis of Non-Identifiability......Page 571
E Using Fit Measures to Rank Models......Page 573
F Baseline Models for Descriptive Fit Measures......Page 577
Zero-Based Rescaling......Page 579
Akaike Weights and Bayes Factors (Sum = 1)......Page 580
Akaike Weights and Bayes Factors (Max = 1)......Page 581
Bibliography......Page 583
Index......Page 595