Spoken Discourse Impairments in the Neurogenic Populations: A State-of-the-Art, Contemporary Approach

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Final Notes
Contents
About the Editor
Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I: Basic Principles, Historical Perspectives, Neural Basis, and Recent Advancements of Neurogenic Disordered Discourse Analysis
	1: Historical Review of Research in Discourse Deficits and Its Recent Advancement
		Introduction
		A Historical Overview of Studying Discourse in Neurogenic Populations
			Aphasia
			Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA)
			Right Hemisphere Disorders (RHDs)
			Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
		Recent Advances in Studying Discourse in Neurogenic Populations
			Advances in Databases, Technology, and Analyses
			A Focus on Best Practices for Discourse Analysis and Collaboration
			Improving Quality of Psychometric Data Available for Discourse
			Development of Discourse-Specific Treatments
			Interaction of Culture and Bilingualism in Discourse Production
		Conclusion
		Major Takeaways
		References
	2: Discourse Characteristics in Aphasia
		Introduction
		Theories of Discourse
		Microlinguistic Processing in Aphasia
			Productivity
			Information Content
			Grammatical Complexity
			Microlinguistic Summary
		Macrolinguistic Processes for PWA
			Cohesion
			Coherence
			Local Coherence
			Global Coherence
			Summary of Macrolinguistic Processes
		Discourse Task
		Conclusion
		Major Takeaways
		References
	3: Discourse and Conversation Impairments in Patients with Dementia
		Introduction
		Language Function, Cognitive Representation, and Impairment
			Discourse Microstructure and Dementia
			Discourse Macrostructure and Dementia
		Dementia and Communicative Competence, Emotions, Empathy, and Theory of Mind
		Dementia and Talk in Interaction (Turn-Taking)
		Conclusions
		Major Takeaways
		References
	4: Using Discourse as a Measure of Early Cognitive Decline Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers
		Discourse Analysis Within the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Framework
			An Alzheimer’s Disease Research Framework: Rationale
			What Are AD Biomarkers?
			The NIA-AA Framework for Biomarker Profiles and Cognitive Staging
			Known Associations Between Biomarker Positivity and Cognitive Decline
		Discourse Analysis and AD Biomarkers
		Caveats, Summary, and Future Directions for Discourse Analysis in Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease
		Major Takeaways
		References
	5: Discourse Characteristics in Traumatic Brain Injury
		Introduction
		Discourse Comprehension
		Narrative Discourse
		Conversational Discourse
		Descriptive, Procedural, and Expository Discourse
		Written Discourse
		Cognitive Factors Underlying Discourse
		The Structure Building Framework (SBF)
		Discourse Ability, Mental Health, and Considerations for Veterans with TBI
		Conclusions, Future Directions, Implications for Treatment
		Major Takeaways
		References
	6: Spoken Discourse Production Following Right Hemisphere Damage
		Introduction
			Heterogeneity of RHD Communication Presentation
			Context in Spoken Discourse
		Exploring Meaningful, Appropriate, Cohesive, and Efficient Discourse Production
			Meaningful
			Appropriate
				Global Coherence
				Adhering to Expected Genre Structure
				Interactional Level
			Cohesive
			Efficient
		Assessment of Spoken Discourse in RHD
		Summary and Future Directions
		Major Takeaways
		Appendix 1. Overview of Discourse Genres
		Appendix 2. Example Assessment Tools and Task Used in the Literature to Diagnose Impaired Verbal Discourse Post-RHD
		References
	7: TalkBank Methods for Studying Spoken Discourse
		Introduction
		TalkBank Principles
			Maximally Open Data Sharing
			CHAT Transcription Format
			CHAT-Compatible Software
			Interoperability
			Responsivity to Research Community Needs
			International Standards
		The Databanks
		TalkBank Tools
			CLAN Commands
			The CLAN Editor and CHAT
			ASR and Transcription
			MOR/Post/MEGRASP
			Profiling
				EVAL
				C-QPA and C-NNLA
				CoreLex
				FluCalc
				Advantages of Automated Analyses
			Conversation Analysis (CA)
			TalkBank Browser
			Collaborative Commentary (CC)
			TalkBankDB
			Learning Resources
		Conclusion
		Major Takeaways
		References
	8: The Structural Neural Correlates of Spoken Discourse
		Background
		Neuroimaging Methods
		The Mechanisms of Spoken Discourse
		Challenges Using Neuroimaging to Study Spoken Discourse
		The Neural Correlates of Spoken Discourse
			Microlinguistic Features
			Macrolinguistic Features
		Conclusions
		Major Takeaways
		References
	9: The Functional Neural Correlates of Spoken Discourse
		Background
		Eliciting and Measuring Discourse in Functional Neuroimaging Studies
			Elicitation Methods
			Discourse Quantification
		Functional Neuroimaging of Discourse Production
			Functional Neuroimaging Methods
			Functional Neural Correlates of Discourse Production
				Studies Correlating Discourse Properties with BOLD fMRI Signal
		Summary and Future Directions
		Conclusions
		Major Takeaways
		References
	10: Co-speech Gesture Production in Spoken Discourse Among Speakers with Acquired Language Disorders
		Background
		What Are Co-Speech Gestures?
		Co-speech Gesture Production in Neurogenic Populations
			Poststroke Aphasia
			Limb Apraxia and Communicative Gesture
			Right Hemisphere Damage (RHD)
		Gesture Production in Chronic Neurogenic Populations
			Gesture Production in Dementia
			Gesture Production in Parkinson’s Disease
		How Are Co-speech Gestures Integrated with Speech?
			The Lexical Retrieval Hypothesis (LRH)
			Information Packaging Hypothesis
		Challenges in Researching Co-speech Gesture Production in Neurogenic Populations
		Major Takeaways
		References
	11: Discourse Production in Multilingual People with Aphasia
		Introduction
		Aphasia
		Discourse Production in Aphasia
		Eliciting and Analyzing Discourse Production in MPWA
		Future Directions: Discourse Analysis as an Alternative to Standardized Testing in MPWA
		Major Takeaways
		References
Part II: Current Methods and Technology in Neurogenic Disordered Discourse Elicitation, Processing, and Analysis
	12: Clinically Feasible Analysis of Discourse: Current State and Looking Forward
		Background
		No Transcription
			Perceptual Measures
				Listener Judgments of Discourse
				Qualitative Ratings of Discourse in Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA)
				General Considerations
			Quantitative Measures
				Core Lexicon Analysis
				Content Units
				Information Units
				Quantitative Measures in PPA
				General Considerations
		Orthographic Transcription
			Word-Level Measures
				Informativeness
				Correct Information Units
				Use in PPA
				General Considerations
			Proposition-Level Measures
				Main Concept Analysis
				Main Event Analysis
				Thematic Unit Analysis
				Use in PPA
				General Considerations
		Transcription + Segmentation
		Web-Based Scoring of CoreLex and MCA
		Future Needs
		Summary
		Major Takeaways
		References
			Additional Resources
			Articles
			Books/Book Chapters
			Online Resources
	13: Assessing Impaired Macrostructures in Discourse Production of Persons with Aphasia
		Macrostructures
		Proposition Analysis
		Story Grammar Analysis
			Ulatowska et al. [24]
				Materials
				Elicitation Procedures
				Coding/Scoring Procedures
				Participants for Reference
				Summary of Findings
			Ulatowska et al. [25]
				Materials
				Elicitation Procedures
				Coding/Scoring Procedures
				Participants for Reference
				Summary of Findings
			Coelho et al. [28]
				Materials
				Elicitation Procedures
				Coding/Scoring Procedures
				Participants for Reference
				Summary of Findings
			Coelho et al. [32]
				Materials
				Elicitation Procedures
				Coding/Scoring Procedures
				Participants for Reference
				Summary of Findings
			Whitworth and colleagues [37, 38]
				Materials
				Elicitation Procedures
				Coding/Scoring Procedures
				Participants for Reference
				Summary of Findings
		Sequencing Analysis
			Manning and Franklin [43]
				Materials
				Elicitation Procedures
				Coding/Scoring Procedures
				Participants for Reference
				Summary of Findings
		Multidimensional Macrostructural Analyses
			Kong and Reres [50]
				Materials
				Elicitation Procedures
				Coding/Scoring Procedures
				Participants for Reference
				Summary of Findings
			Greenslade et al. [51]
				Materials
				Elicitation Procedures
				Coding/Scoring Procedures
				Participants for Reference
				Summary of Findings
		Macrostructure Rating Scales
			Bottenberg and colleagues [58, 59]
				Materials
				Elicitation Procedures
				Coding/Scoring Procedures
				Participants for Reference
				Summary of Findings
			Bottenberg and Colleagues [63]
				Materials
				Elicitation Procedures
				Coding/Scoring Procedures
				Participants for Reference
				Summary of Findings
		Summary
		Major Takeaways
		References
			Additional Resources
			Articles
			Books/Book Chapters
			Online Resources
	14: Assessing Discourse Ability in Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury
		Introduction
		The Advantages of Discourse Analysis
		Challenges of Discourse Analysis
		Use of Technology in Discourse Assessment
			Recording Discourse
			Transcription of Discourse
			Analysis of Discourse
		Approaches to Discourse Analysis
			Standardized Assessment Tools
			Rating Scales
			Discourse Tasks and Measures
		Summary
		Major Takeaways
		References
	15: Assessing Discourse Ability in Adults with Right Hemisphere Damage
		Introduction
		RHDBank
			RHDBank Protocol
		Measuring Discourse
			Global Coherence
			Main Concept Analysis
			Interpreting Discourse Measures
		Discourse Assessment Across the Continuum of Care
		Conclusion
		Major Takeaways
		References
			Additional Resources
			Online Resources
	16: Automatic Assessment of Speech and Language Impairment in Natural Speech
		Introduction
		Two-Step Approach
		End-to-End Approach
		Major Takeaways
		References
	17: Machine Learning, Features, and Computational Approaches to Discourse Analysis
		Introduction
		Core Principles of Machine Learning
			Supervised and Unsupervised Learning
			Feature Importance as a Window on Disease
			Pitfalls in Machine Learning
				Different Performance Metrics for Different Questions (and Data)
				Cross-Validation
				Generalization
		Natural Language Processing for Analysis of Spoken Discourse
			Key Preprocessing Steps
				Transcription
				Tokenization
				Part-of-Speech (POS) Tagging
				Lemmatization
				Parsing
			Computation of Features
				Vocabulary
					Lexical and Psycholinguistic Properties of Discourse
				Syntactic Complexity
				Word Embeddings
				Coherence and Cohesion
					Word Embeddings for Analysis of Coherence
				Entropy and Perplexity
				Sentiment
		Discourse Categories and Associated Features
		Bringing it all Together—Some Examples from the Literature
		Do it Yourself—Tools for Computation and Analysis of Features
		Current Issues in Clinical Translation of Computational Approaches to Speech Analysis
		Major Takeaways
		Appendix: Additional Resources
			Online Resources
		References
	18: Tele-Assessment of Cognition and Discourse Production
		Introduction
			The Needs and Challenges for Tele-Assessment
			Current Advances in Dementia and Stroke: An Overview
		Tele-Assessment of Cognition
			An Example of Telephone Administration: MoCA 5-min Protocol
			Caregiver’s Involvement for Maintaining Assessment Validity
			An Example of Computerized Test and Videoconference Administration: OCS-Plus
			Caregiver’s Involvement for Equipment Setup and Assessment Administration
			Considerations for Improving Audio Quality: Speakerphone or Earphone?
			Considerations for Reliable Touchscreen Input: Fingertips or Stylus?
			Maintaining Virtual Face-to-Face Interaction: Suggestions for Handling Disabled Camera During Screen Sharing
		Tele-Assessment of Discourse Production
			An Example of Videoconference Administration: Adapting MCA
			Considerations for Replicating Procedures of In-person Administration: Preparation and Presentation of Digital Materials
			Considerations for the Use of Verbal Cues: Be Aware of Time Delay and Overlapping Voices
		Ethical, Equity, and Privacy Considerations for Tele-Assessment
		Conclusion and Future Directions
		Major Takeaways
		References
			Additional Resources
			Articles
			Online Resources
Part III: Evidenced-Based Training Strategies, Interventions, and Innovative Technology to Improve Neurogenic Disordered Discourse
	19: Interventions Targeting Spoken Discourse in Aphasia
		Discourse Therapies for People Living with Aphasia: Introduction
			Key Philosophies and Terminology
			Why Discourse Therapy Matters
			What Do We Know About Discourse Treatment?
			Why Complexity?
			Why Theory?
			Why Metalinguistics and Metacognition?
		What Do We Know About How Discourse Treatment Works?
		How Can Clinicians Use This Information?
		Conclusions
		Major Takeaways
		References
	20: Neuromodulation of Impaired Spoken Discourse
		Background
		Neuromodulation Methods
		Neuromodulation and Language Recovery in Aphasia
		Neuromodulation for Impaired Word Production
			Neuromodulation for Impaired Word Production in PWA
			Neuromodulation for Impaired Word Production in PPA
		Neuromodulation in Impaired Discourse Production
			Neuromodulation in Impaired Discourse Production in PWA
			Neuromodulation in Impaired Discourse Production in PPA
		Conclusion and Future Directions
		Major Takeaways
		References
	21: FOQUSAphasia: An Initiative to Facilitate Research of Spoken Discourse in Aphasia and Its Translation into Improved Evidence-based Practice for Discourse Treatment
		Current State of Spoken Discourse Analysis in Aphasia Assessment and Treatment
		Fostering the Quality of Spoken Discourse in Aphasia (FOQUSAphasia)
			Overview and Goals
			Structure of the Working Group
			FOQUSAphasia Task Forces and Deliverables
				Best Practices Task Force
				Methodology and Data Quality Task Force
				Increasing Public Knowledge about Spoken Discourse
		Future Directions
		Conclusion
		Major Takeaways
		References
			Additional Resources
			Articles
			Books/Book Chapters
			Online
	22: Better Conversations with Aphasia and Primary Progressive Aphasia
		Background
		The Better Conversations Approach to CPT
		Aphasia Case Study
		PPA Case Study
		The BC Pathway—Who and When?
		Major Takeaways
		References
			Additional Resources
			Books
			Online Resources
	23: Improving Communication with People Living with Dementia: A Socio-Cognitive Approach
		A Socio-Cognitive Approach to Discourse
			Cognitive Skills and Communication
			Communication Strategies and Diversity of Mental and Context Models
		Person-Centered Communication Care
			Functional Communication Interventions (FCI)
			Promoting Dignity for PWD in Communication Contexts
		Major Takeaways
		References
	24: Communication Treatment Approaches to Improve Discourse Production in Traumatic Brain Injury
		Background
		Theoretical Models and Principles Context-based Interventions
		Measuring Treatment Outcomes
		Communication Partner Training (CPT) Interventions
		Social Communication Interventions
		Narrative-Based Interventions
		Other Interventions
			Social Cognition Treatments
			Project-based Treatments
			Vocational Treatments
		Case Report: Treatment of Discourse Production Following TBI
			Case History and Diagnostic Information
			Clinical Management Plan
		Future Directions for Discourse Intervention
		Major Takeaways
		References
			Additional Resources
			Online Resources
	25: Telepractice in Language and Discourse-based Interventions for Older Adults: Theoretical and Methodological Approaches
		Introduction
		Telepractice Modalities: Features, Advantages, and Challenges
		Language-based Telepractice Interventions in Healthy Aging
		Language-based Telepractice Interventions in Neuroatypical Aging
			Telepractice in Aphasia Due to CVA
			Telepractice in MCI and AD
			Telepractice in PPA
		Methodological Guidelines on Language/Discourse-based Telepractice for Researchers and Clinicians
		Final Words
		Major Takeaways
		References
	26: Communication Partner Training (CPT) to Improve Conversation, Communication, and Mental Health
		Conversation, Mental Health, and Well-being
		Communication Partner Training
		Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT): A Framework to Explore the Communication Experience
		Impact of CPT as Explained by Application of CAT
		Implications for Mental Health Contexts
		Conclusion
		Major Takeaways
		References
Index