Spinoza, Life and Legacy

Cover\nSpinoza, Life and Legacy\nCopyright\nPreface\nContents\nList of Illustrations\nList of Tables\nPART I. SETTING THE SCENE\n	1. Introduction\n	2. Unparalleled Challenge\n		2.i Philosophy that Survived by a Thread\n		2.ii Banning Spinoza’s Books and Ideas\n		2.iii Spinoza and Europe’s Late Seventeenth-Century Intellectual Crisis\nPART II. THE YOUNG SPINOZA\n	3. Youthful Rebel\n		3.i Caution and Audacity\n		3.ii Heretical Opinions\n		3.iii Expulsion from the Synagogue\n	4. A Secret Legacy from Portugal\n		4.i Crypto-Judaism and Religious Subversion\n		4.ii Vidigueira\n		4.iii Spinoza’s Mother’s Family\n		4.iv Absolutism Enthroned\n		4.v Exiles Fleeing Portugal\n		4.vi Revolutionary Subversion by Means of Philosophy\n	5. Childhood and Family Tradition\n		5.i From Brit Milah to Bar Mitzvah (1632–1645)\n		5.ii Spinoza’s Forebears, the Mechanics of Community Leadership\n		5.iii The Sephardic Cemetery at Ouderkerk\n		5.iv The Spinozas of Amsterdam and Rotterdam\n	6. Schooldays\n		6.i Ets Haim\n		6.ii Uriel da Costa\n		6.iii World Events Viewed from School\n		6.iv Last Years of Schooling\n		6.v Family Tensions\n	7. Honour and Wealth\n		7.i Son of a Merchant\n		7.ii The First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–1654)\n		7.iii Spinoza Becomes Head of the Family\n		7.iv Collapse of the Family Fortune\n		7.v Renouncing his Inheritance\n	8. Teaching Skills: Van den Enden, Latin, and the Theatre\r(1655–1661)\n		8.i Disciple of a Schoolmaster\n		8.ii A Career in the Church Abandoned\n		8.iii Spinoza Embraces Cartesianism\n		8.iv Learning from the Roman Playwrights Terence and Seneca\n		8.v A New Form of Pedagogy\n	9. Collegiants, Millenarians, and Quakers: The Mid- and Late 1650s\n	10. “Monstrous Heresies”: Beyond Bible and Religious Studies\n		10.i First Writings\n		10.ii The La Peyrère Episode\n		10.iii Dr Juan (Daniel) de Prado (1612–1670)\n		10.iv Denounced to the Inquisition\n		10.v Eternal Things and their Unchangeable Laws\nPART III. REFORMER AND SUBVERTER OF DESCARTES\n	11. Forming a Study Group\n		11.i The Birth of a Philosophical System (1659–1661)\n		11.ii Translation, the Key to Making Philosophy Effective\n		11.iii Bridging the Gulf between Collegiants and Freethinkers\n		11.iv An Abhorred Clique\n	12. Rijnsburg Years (1661–1663)\n		12.i The Move to Rijnsburg\n		12.ii Meeting Oldenburg\n		12.iii Steno and Anatomical Dissection\n		12.iv Debating Cartesianism with the Leiden Cartesians\n	13. Spinoza and the Scientific Revolution\n		13.i Challenging Bacon and Boyle\n		13.ii Spinoza and Experimental Science\n		13.iii Mathematics and Scientific Truth\n	14. “Reforming” Descartes’ Principles\n	15. Writing the Ethics\n	16. Voorburg (1663–1664)\n		16.i The Setting\n		16.ii Spinoza and Huygens\n		16.iii A Local Dispute\n		16.iv De Jure Ecclesiasticorum\n	17. Spinoza and the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1664–1667)\n		17.i Rivalry with England\n		17.ii Plague and the Outbreak of War\n	18. Invasion, Slump, and Comets (1665–1666)\n		18.i The Greatest Curse of Mankind\n		18.ii Are Comets Fearful Omens?\n		18.iii Descartes’ Laws of Motion\n	19. Spinoza, Meyer, and the 1666 Philosophia Controversy\n		19.i A Bitter Controversy\n		19.ii The Revolt of Johannes and Adriaan Koerbagh\n		19.iii The Philosophia and the Reformed Church\n		19.iv The Utrecht Collegie der Sçavanten\n	20. From the Jaws of Defeat (1666–1667)\n		20.i Faltering Dialogue with the Royal Society\n		20.ii The Sabbatian Frenzy (1665–1667)\n		20.iii Science and Miracles\n		20.iv The Sway of Kings\nPART IV. DARKENING HORIZONS\n	21. The Tragedy of the Brothers Koerbagh (1668–1669)\n	22. Nil Volentibus Arduum: Spinoza and the Arts\n	23. Twilight of the “True Freedom”\n		23.i Last Years in Voorburg\n		23.ii The Move to The Hague\n		23.iii Ideological Conflict\n		23.iv Democratic Republicanism\n	24. Revolution in Bible Criticism\n		24.i The Dutch Background\n		24.ii Ezra the Scribe\n		24.iii The Masoretic Age\n		24.iv Spinoza’s Critique of Meyer\n	25. Spinoza Subverts Hobbes\n		25.i Hobbes, Spinoza, and the Gospels\n		25.ii Hobbes and Spinoza on “Freedom”\n		25.iii Happiness and the “Highest Good”\n		25.iv From the “Highest Good” to the “General Will”\n	26. Spinoza Completes his Philosophical System\n		26.i Emancipating the Individual\n		26.ii Popular Sovereignty and the “General Will”\n	27. Publishing the Theological-Political Treatise\n		27.i First Steps to Suppress the TTP\n		27.ii A Text Left Unchallenged\n		27.iii Spinoza’s Clandestine Subversion of Religion\n		27.iv Steno Responds\n	28. Intensifying Reaction (Early 1670s)\n		28.i How Does One Refute the TTP?\n		28.ii Collegiant Uproar and the TTP\n		28.iii Encounter with Van Velthuysen\n		28.iv Remonstrants (Arminians) against the TTP\n	29. Spinoza’s Libertine “French Circle”\n		29.i Libertinage in the 1660s\n		29.ii Spinoza Confides: The First Phase\n		29.iii Spinoza’s Reformism: The Later Phases\nPART V. LAST YEARS\n	30. Disaster Year (1672)\n		30.i Slump and Collapse\n		30.ii Salvaging the Republic\n		30.iii The Fullana Affair\n		30.iv Monarchy Lambasted\n	31. Denying the Supernatural\n	32. Entering (or Not Entering) Princely Court Culture (1672–1673)\n		32.i Contemplating Emigrating\n		32.ii The Offer of a University Chair at Heidelberg\n		32.iii The Court of Hanover\n	33. Creeping Diffusion\n		33.i The TTP’s Clandestine Editions\n		33.ii Spinoza “Invades” England\n		33.iii The Suppressed Dutch Version of the TTP\n	34. Mysterious Trip to Utrecht (July–August 1673)\n		34.i The Utrecht Collegie der Sçavanten\n		34.ii Portraying “Spinozism” in 1673\n		34.iii Across the French Lines\n		34.iv Chaotic Aftermath\n	35. Expanding the Spinozist “Sect”\n		35.i “Vile, Godforsaken Atheists”\n		35.ii “Spinozism” Far from Being a Vague Category\n		35.iii A Sect Bred in the Universities and Professions\n		35.iv A Disciple Rescued: Van Balen\n		35.v The Expanding Sect of the 1680s and 1690s\n	36. Amsterdam Revisited (1673–1675)\n		36.i The Orangist-Calvinist Reaction Intensifies\n		36.ii Summer Weeks in Amsterdam\n		36.iii Failed Attempt to Publish the Ethics\n		36.iv What is True in Christianity?\n	37. Hebrew in Spinoza’s Later Life\n		37.i Studying Hebrew Grammar\n		37.ii Reconstructing Biblical Hebrew\n		37.iii Old Testament, New Testament: Jews and Christians\n	38. Encounter with Leibniz (1676)\n		38.i Leibniz and Spinoza\n		38.ii Discussing Spinoza in Paris\n		38.iii Leibniz Visits Holland\n		38.iv Leibniz’s Dual Approach to Spinozism\n	39. Fighting Back\n		39.i The English Reception\n		39.ii Spinoza “Invades” France (1676–1680)\n	40. Last Days, Death, and Funeral (1677)\n		40.i Reclusive but Contested Last Days\n		40.ii Funeral at the Nieuwe Kerk (New Church)\n	41. A Tumultuous Aftermath\n		41.i The Battle of the Ethics (1677)\n		41.ii Spinoza’s Circle after 1677\n		41.iii Spinoza and the Glorious Revolution\n		41.iv The Emergence of the “Dutch” Spinoza\n	42. Conclusion\nBibliography\n	Abbreviations\n	Secondary Sources\nIndex