Sperm Collection and Processing Methods: A Practical Guide

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Acknowledgment......Page 12
Introduction......Page 13
The fundamental goal: viable sperm......Page 14
Spermatogenesis......Page 15
Spermatozoa route through male reproductive tract......Page 16
Statement of purpose......Page 18
Sperm procurement methods......Page 19
Sperm processing methods......Page 20
Part 1 Sperm procurement methods......Page 21
Emission......Page 23
Nervous mediation: a brief summary......Page 24
Procurement methods......Page 25
Subsections......Page 27
For masturbation conducted in a clinical setting (recommended)......Page 28
Disadvantages of masturbation......Page 29
Oral medication......Page 30
Injectable medications......Page 31
Intracavernous intervention: modus operandi......Page 32
Subcutaneous intervention procedure......Page 33
Vacuum tumescence constriction therapy (VTCT) procedure......Page 34
VTCT side-effects......Page 35
Seminal pouch collection......Page 36
Method 1: gravitational semen removal......Page 37
Method 4A: needle aspiration from above......Page 38
Coitus interruptus and vaginal drainage......Page 39
Introduction......Page 40
Retrograde semen flow: diagnosis......Page 41
Medical treatment......Page 42
Sample pharmacological procedural regimen......Page 43
Surgical techniques......Page 44
Physiochemical urine modification......Page 45
Sperm retrieval from voided urine: laboratory procedure......Page 46
Sperm retrieval procedure from voided urine: recommended method......Page 47
Clinical semen collection......Page 50
Mechanical procedures......Page 52
Vibratory stimulation......Page 53
Electrical procedures......Page 55
RPE fact sheet......Page 56
RPE procedure......Page 57
Pharmacological procedures......Page 60
Psychoactive drugs: nonrecommended......Page 61
Introduction......Page 62
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)......Page 63
Bromocriptine......Page 64
Ejaculatory duct obstruction......Page 65
Diagnoses......Page 66
Transrectal ultrasound method......Page 67
Seminal vesiculography......Page 68
Intervention procedures......Page 69
Transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts (TURED)......Page 70
Postoperative care......Page 71
Complications......Page 73
Diagnosis and preoperative assessment......Page 74
Preparatory procedures......Page 76
Exploratory procedure......Page 77
Vasovasostomy microsurgical procedure......Page 79
Two-layer anastomosis procedure......Page 82
Complications: special cases......Page 85
Conclusion......Page 86
Preoperative assessment and diagnosis......Page 87
The vasovasostomy vs. epididymovasostomy decision......Page 88
Epididymovasostomy microsurgical procedure......Page 89
Two-layer anastomosis procedure......Page 91
Postoperative care......Page 94
Complications......Page 95
Conclusion......Page 96
Obstructive azoospermia......Page 97
Anejaculation......Page 98
Alloplastic spermatocele procedure......Page 99
The MESA procedure......Page 100
Percutaneous sperm aspiration (PESA)......Page 101
Testicular sperm extraction (TESE)......Page 102
TESE disadvantage......Page 103
The TESE procedure......Page 104
Testicular microdissection (TMD)......Page 108
The TMD procedure......Page 109
The TFNA procedure......Page 112
TFNA mapping......Page 113
Postmortem sperm procurement......Page 114
The postmortem sperm procurement procedure......Page 115
Conclusion......Page 116
Part 2 Sperm processing methods......Page 117
The capacitation reaction......Page 119
State of the ART......Page 120
General procedures......Page 121
Assisted reproductive sperm processing procedure......Page 122
General procedures: sperm washing, treatment, and cryopreservation......Page 123
Media and protein supplementation......Page 124
Centrifugation......Page 125
Sperm washing methodology......Page 126
Methodology......Page 127
Pentoxifylline......Page 128
TEST yolk......Page 129
TEST yolk media preparation......Page 130
Semen cryopreservation procedure......Page 131
Patient semen......Page 132
Method 1: programmed freezing method......Page 133
Method 2: manual freezing method......Page 134
Introduction......Page 135
Swim-up procedure......Page 136
Sperm swim-up procedure (with centrifugation)......Page 137
Sperm swim-up procedure (without centrifugation)......Page 138
Swim-down procedure......Page 140
Density gradient centrifugation method......Page 141
Colloidal silica-based density gradient......Page 142
Continuous gradient (preferred method for normozoospermic sample)......Page 143
Discontinuous, multiphase gradients......Page 144
Iodixanol density gradient centrifugation procedure......Page 145
Column adherence procedure......Page 146
The Sephadex column filtration procedure......Page 147
The GWCF filtration method......Page 148
Semen thawing and processing procedure......Page 149
Maintenance of glycerol equilibrium......Page 150
Conclusion......Page 151
In vitro sperm capacitation induction......Page 153
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)......Page 155
Specimen collection......Page 156
Biopsy procedure......Page 157
Testicular and epididymal sperm thawing and processing......Page 158
Method A......Page 159
Method B......Page 160
Cryopreservation of specimens with extremely low sperm count or motility......Page 161
Conclusion......Page 166
Further reading......Page 168
Index......Page 169