Spectra and Energy Levels of Rare Earth Ions in Crystals

Title Page
Preface
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
1. Introduction
2. Historical
3. The Rare Earths
4. Crystals Available for Study
	4.1 Crystals with Water of Crystallization
		4.1.1 Ethylsulfates: R(C₂H₅SO₄)₃•9H₂O
		4.1.2 Sulfates
		4.1.3 Bromates: R(BrO₃)₃•9H₂O
		4.1.4 Double Nitrates: Mg₃R₂(NO₃)₁₂•24H₂O and Zn₃R₂(NO₃)₁₂•24H₂O
		4.1.5 Chlorides
		4.1.6 Nitrates: R(NO₃)₃•6H₂O
		4.1.7 Acetates: R(CH₃COO)₃•H₂O
	4.2 Anhydrous Crystals
		4.2.1 Anhydrous Chlorides
		4.2.2 The Bromides
		4.2.3 The Chlorides
		4.2.3 The Fluorides
		4.2.4 The Hydroxides
		4.2.5 The Garnets
		4.2.6 The Vanadates
		4.2.7 The Oxides
		4.2.8 The Molybdates
		4.2.9 Semiconductors
	4.3 Crystals with Replacement of Divalent Ions
		4.3.1 The Tungstates
		4.3.2 CaF₂ and Related Crystals
5. Experimental Procedure
	5.1 Absorption Spectra
	5.2 Fluorescence
	5.3 Low Temperature Techniques
	5.4 Experimental Data
6. Spectra and Levels of the Free Ions
	6.1 Methods for the Study of the Free Ion Spectra
	6.2 Empirical Analysis of the Free Ion Spectra
	6.3 Present Status of the Empirical Analysis of Free Ion Spectra
	6.4 Calculation of the Energy Levels
	6.5 Results of Theoretical Calculations
7. The Crystal Field
	7.1 Intermediate Coupling
	7.2 J-Mixing
8. Crystal Symmetry and Structure of the Spectrum
	8.1 The Dihedral Group D₆
	8.2 Irreducible Representations and Crystal Quantum Numbers
	8.3 Time Reversal and Kramers Degeneracy
	8.4 Summary
9. Intensities, Selection, and Polarization Rules
	9.1 Intensities. General Considerations
	9.2 Selection and Polarization Rules for Electric Dipole Transitions
	9.3 Quantitative Calculation of Intensities
		9.3.1 Magnetic Dipole Transitions
		9.3.2 Electric Dipole Transitions
	9.4 General Remarks on Intensities in Crystal Spectra
10. Comparison with Empirical Data
	10.1 Determination of the Value of J
	10.2 Determination of the Value of µ
	10.3 Crystal Field Determination
11. Zeeman Effect and Magnetic Properties
	11.1 Linear Zeeman Effect
	11.2 Nonlinear Effects
12. Divalent Rare Earth Ions in Crystals
	12.1 Preparation of Crystals
	12.2 Details of Spectra of Divalent Rare Earths
	12.3 Samarium [Sm²⁺, 4f⁶]
	12.4 Sm²⁺ in CaF₂ and Other Fluorides
	12.5 Eu²⁺ [4f⁷]
	12.6 Gd²⁺ and Tb²⁺ [4f⁸ and 4f⁹]
	12.7 Dy²⁺ to Tm²⁺ [4f¹⁰ to 4f¹³]
13. Review of the Empirical Data
	13.1 Cerium (Ce³⁺, 4f)
	13.2 Praseodymium (Pr³⁺, 4f²)
	13.3 Neodymium (Nd³⁺, 4f³)
	13.4 Promethium (Pm³⁺, 4f⁴)
	13.5 Samarium (Sm³⁺, 4f⁵)
	13.6 Europium (Eu³⁺, 4f⁸)
	13.7 Gadolinium (Gd³⁺, 4f⁷)
	13.8 Terbium (Tb³⁺, 4f⁸)
	13.9 Dysprosium (Dy³⁺, 4f⁹)
	13.10 Holmium (Ho³⁺, 4f¹⁰)
	13.11. Erbium (Er³⁺, 4f¹¹)
	13.13. Ytterbium (Yb³⁺, 4f¹³)
	13.14. Fluorescence Spectra of R³⁺ in LaCl₃
14. Line Structure
	14.1 Broadening Due to Imperfect Lattice
	14.2 Variation of Linewidth with Temperature
	14.3 Additional Lines
References
	1906-1949
	1950-1955
	1956-1960
	1961
	1962
	1963
	1964
	1965
	1966
	1967
	1968
Author Index
Subject Index