Spatial Models of Parliamentary Voting (Analytical Methods for Social Research)

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Figures......Page 13
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgments......Page 18
Data and Software......Page 20
Overview......Page 21
Theory and Meaning......Page 22
A Theory of Spatial Maps......Page 24
Spatial Models of Voting......Page 27
Psychometrics and Tests of Spatial Theory......Page 28
Why So Few Dimensions? Psychometrics and Multidimensional Scaling......Page 31
The Breakthrough: The Two-Space Theory......Page 33
The 1964 Civil Rights Act......Page 34
A Road Map to the Rest of This Book......Page 35
Overview......Page 38
The Geometry in One Dimension......Page 39
Interest Group Ratings......Page 46
The Rasch Model From Educational Testing......Page 48
The Pick-Any-N Data Model from Marketing......Page 49
The Geometry in More than One Dimension......Page 50
The Relationship to the Geometry of Probit and Logit......Page 57
Notation and Definitions......Page 61
Discussion......Page 65
Overview......Page 66
The Effect of Very Low Error in One Dimension......Page 69
The Effect of Higher Levels of Error in One Dimension......Page 71
The Multidimensional Maximum Classification Scaling Problem......Page 80
Estimating a Roll Call Cutting Plane Given the Legislator Ideal Points......Page 81
Estimating the Legislator Ideal Points Given the Roll Call Cutting Planes......Page 93
Overall OC Algorithm......Page 102
Conclusion......Page 105
Theorem I (Singular Value Decomposition)......Page 106
Theorem II (Eckart and Young)......Page 107
Overview......Page 108
The Deterministic Portion of the Utility Function......Page 109
The Stochastic Portion of the Utility Function......Page 117
Estimation of Probabilistic Spatial Voting Models......Page 121
The NOMINATE (Normal-Normal) Model......Page 123
The Quadratic-Normal (QN) Model......Page 130
Statistical Issues......Page 133
The Bayesian Simulation Approach......Page 136
The Parametric Bootstrap......Page 143
Conclusion......Page 146
Overview......Page 148
Standardized Measures of Fit......Page 149
How to Get Reasonable Starting Values for the Legislator Ideal Points......Page 150
How Many Dimensions Should I Estimate?......Page 161
The Problem of Constraints......Page 175
Computing Made Easy – Some Simple Tricks to Make Estimation Tractable......Page 179
Conclusion......Page 180
Overview......Page 182
Testing the Effect of a Party Switch......Page 183
Testing for Shifts in Position Before an Election......Page 187
Testing for Last-Period and Redistricting Effects......Page 189
Large-Scale Experiments Using DW-NOMINATE......Page 192
Experiments with Shift Distances......Page 193
Experiments with Adding and Subtracting Sets of Roll Calls......Page 198
Estimating a Common Spatial Map for Two Different Legislatures......Page 207
Conclusion......Page 215
The Scientific Status of Geometric Models of Choice and Judgment......Page 217
Specifying the Sources of Constraint......Page 222
Unsolved Engineering Problems......Page 225
Conclusion......Page 229
References......Page 231
Index......Page 245