Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese Pronunciation: The Mainstream Pronunciation of Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese, From Sound Segments to Speech Melodies

Preface
Introduction
	Defining the Mainstream Registers of Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish: Specific Features
		Review Questions for the Introduction
		Answers to the Review Questions for the Introduction
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Author
Chapter 1: Phonetics and Phonology: The Basics
	1.1 Preliminaries
		1.1.1 The Difference Between Phonetics and Phonology
	1.2 How Linguistics Relates to Phonetics and Phonology
		1.2.1 The Linguistic Sign
	1.3 The Difference Between the Phoneme and the Allophone as the Performance of a Sound
	1.4 Sound Diffusion
	1.5 Sound Change
		1.5.1 Reinforcement Question
		1.5.2 Answer to Preceding Question in the Discussion Above
	1.6 The Concepts of Neutralization, Archiphoneme, and Productiveness of Sounds
Chapter 2: The Physics, Articulation, and Perception of Speech Sounds
	2.1 Preliminaries: The Fundamentals of Speech Sounds
	2.2 Period and Frequency: Simple Periodic Oscillations
	2.3 Complex Periodic Oscillations
	2.4 Temporal vs. Spectral Representations
	2.5 Logarithmic Scale
	2.6 The Three Areas of Phonetics
	2.7 Articulatory Phonetics
		2.7.1 The Static and Dynamic Views of Speech Production
		2.7.2 The Articulation of Vowels
		2.7.3 The Articulation of Consonants
	2.8 Perception of Speech
		2.8.1 Timbre
		2.8.2 Pitch
		2.8.3 The Binary Logarithm, log2
		2.8.4 Intensity
			2.8.4.1 Review of This Chapter: Articulatory Phonetics
			2.8.4.2 Solutions to the Review Questions
	2.9 Acoustics of Speech
		2.9.1 Formants
			2.9.1.1 Formants: Oral Vowels
			2.9.1.2 Formants: Nasal and Nasalized Vowels
				Acoustic Characteristics of Nasal / Nasalized Sounds
			2.9.1.3 Formants: Nasal Consonants
			2.9.1.4 Formants: Semi-vowels and Liquids
			2.9.1.5 Formants: General Remarks
		2.9.2 Formant Transitions
		2.9.3 Wrapping-Up
	2.10 Sound Quality
	2.11 Voice Onset Time
		2.11.1 V.O.T.: Some Interesting Cross Language Interference
		2.11.2 V.O.T.: A Note on Its Historical Background
			2.11.2.1 Review of This Chapter: Acoustics of Speech
				Preliminary Problems
			2.11.2.2 Solutions to the Problems in Acoustics of Speech
				Preliminary Problems
Chapter 3: Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese: History and Regional Varieties
	3.1 Preliminaries
	3.2 The Prescriptive and Descriptive Views
	3.3 On the Origins of Spanish and Portuguese
	3.4 Portuguese and Spanish Split from Their Common Origins
	3.5 Contemporary Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese: Basic Numbers and Language Varieties
		3.5.1 Spanish
		3.5.2 Brazilian Portuguese
Chapter 4: Speech Prosody
	4.1 Preliminaries
	4.2 Intonation
	4.3 Stress
		4.3.1 The Assignment of Lexical Stress in Mainstream Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish
			4.3.1.1 Preliminaries
			4.3.1.2 Syllable Weight
			4.3.1.3 How to Predict the Unpredictable
			4.3.1.4 The Prosodic Word
			4.3.1.5 Identification of Prosodic Stress
			4.3.1.6 Paroxytones
			4.3.1.7 Proparoxytones
			4.3.1.8 Oxytones
		4.3.2 The Orthographic Stress Marker
	4.4 Rhythm
	4.5 The Interaction of Intonation and Rhythm
Chapter 5: The Sound Segments of MSp and MBP
	5.1 Preliminaries
	5.2 Orthographic vs. Phonemic vs. Phonetic Transcriptions
		5.2.1 A Transcription Sample: Orthographic, Phonemic, and Phonetic
	5.3 The Vowel Phonemes of MSp and MBP in Stressed and Unstressed Syllables
	5.4 A Comparison of the Vowel Systems of MSp and MBP
	5.5 A Note Regarding the Schwa
	5.6 The Semi-Open Vowels /ε/ and //
	5.7 Diphthongs and Diphthongization in Spanish and Portuguese
		5.7.1 Diphthongs Having Both  and  in Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese
			5.7.1.1 Preliminaries
			5.7.1.2 Discussion
	5.8 Spanish Stem-Changing Verbs and Their Portuguese Counterparts
	5.9 Spanish Stem-Changing Nouns and Their Portuguese Counterparts
	5.10 The Nasal(ized) Vowels of Brazilian Portuguese
Chapter 6: Spanish and Portuguese Consonants
	6.1 Preliminaries
	6.2 Comparison of Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese Consonants
		6.2.1 The Rhotics
			6.2.1.1 Aniceto dos Reis Gonçalves Vianna´s Essai de phonétique et de phonologie
			6.2.1.2 Amadeu Amaral´s Description of the R-Caipira
	6.3 Comparison of Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese 
	6.4 Comparison of the MSp  and <ñ>  with the MPP  and 
	6.5 The MSp and MBP Fricatives
	6.6 Resyllabification in MSp and MBP, and the Insertion of a Supporting Vowel in MBP
	6.7 Common Phonological Processes in MBP: Vowel Raising, Palatalization of /t/ and /d/, Vocalization of /l/, and Sonorization ...
		6.7.1 Preliminaries
		6.7.2 Vowel Raising
			6.7.2.1 Taking the Reverse Direction: Speakers of Brazilian Portuguese
		6.7.3 Palatalization (and Aspiration)
			6.7.3.1 Taking the Reverse Direction: Speakers of Brazilian Portuguese
		6.7.4 Vocalization of /l/
		6.7.5 Sonorization of /s/, or S-Voicing in Portuguese
			6.7.5.1 Taking the Reverse Direction: Speakers of Brazilian Portuguese
	6.8 Final Remarks on the Contrasts of Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese
Chapter 7: Speech Transcriptions: Spanish and Portuguese
	7.1 Preliminaries
	7.2 The Phonological Description of Spanish and Portuguese Semi-vowels
	7.3 Glides vs. Semi-Vowels and Semi-Consonants
	7.4 Speech Transcription: Reinforcement Practice
		7.4.1 Moving on to Step-4: The Writing of Phonological Rules
	7.5 Transcription Aid with Comments
		7.5.1 Some of the Common MSp and MBP Phonological Rules
		7.5.2 Partially to Totally Converging Rules of MSp and MBP
		7.5.3 Vocalic Sounds of MSp and MBP
		7.5.4 Consonantal Sounds of MSp and MBP
	7.6 Basic MSp Rules
		7.6.1 Reinforcement (Fortition) and Weakening (Lenition) Processes
	7.7 The Basic MBP Rules
	7.8 A Note on the MBP Rules: The Intervocalic Letter , and the  and  Letters
	7.9 Mãos à obra! Mano a la obra! Hands-on!
		7.9.1 A Transcription of a Caribbean Spanish Variety
		7.9.2 A Transcription of MBP
	7.10 Quick Reference Guide for the Transcriptions
		7.10.1 List of Selected Abbreviations Based on the IPA
		7.10.2 Some of the Common MSp and MBP Phonological Rules
		7.10.3 Partially to Totally Converging Rules in Both MSp and MBP
			7.10.3.1 Vocalic Sounds of MSp and MBP
			7.10.3.2 Consonantal Sounds of MSp and MBP
		7.10.4 Basic MSp Rules
		7.10.5 Reinforcement (Fortition) and Weakening (Lenition) Processes
	7.11 The Basic MBP Rules
	7.12 Reinforcement Exercises Using the Preceding Information
		7.12.1 Basic Preliminary Exercises
		7.12.2 Basic Drills: Consulting the Sound Charts
		7.12.3 Basic Drills: Transcriptions
		7.12.4 Basic Drills: Phonological Rules
		7.12.5 Moving On from the Preceding Exercises: Three-Step Transcriptions
	7.13 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 8: Speech Prosody and Speech Melodies
	8.1 Preliminaries
	8.2 Speech Prosody in a 12-Tone Scale
	8.3 Speech Prosody in a 24-Tone Scale
	8.4 Postface
	8.5 A Pilot Experiment with Small Data
	8.6 Prosodies-in-NOTATION: An Acoustical Platform for the Analysis of Sound Prosodies
Appendix A: Chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet
Appendix B1: The Vowels and Consonants of Mainstream Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese
Appendix B2: Quick Reference for Transcriptions
	First Step: Orthographic Transcrition
	Second Step: Phonemic or Phonological Transcription
	Third Step: Phonetic Transcription
	Fourth Step: The Phonological Rules
		Some of the Common MSp Phonological Rules
		Some of the Common MBP Rules
		The MSp and MBP Diphthong
Appendix C: Acordo Ortogrfico da Língua Portuguesa-1990
Anexo 1: Acordo Ortogrfico da Língua Portuguesa (1990)
	Base I
		Do Alfabeto E Dos Nomes Próprios Estrangeiros E Seus Derivados
	Base II
		Do H Inicial E Final
	Base III
		Da Homofonia De Certos Grafemas Consonânticos
	Base IV
		Das Sequências Consonânticas
	Base V
		Das Vogais Átonas
	Base VI
		Das Vogais Nasais
	Base VII
		Dos Ditongos
	Base VIII
		Da Acentuação Grfica Das Palavras Oxítonas
	Base IX
		Da Acentuação Grfica Das Palavras Paroxítonas
	Base X
		Da Acentuação Das Vogais Tónicas/Tônicas Grafadas I E U Das Palavras Oxítonas E Paroxítonas
	Base XI
		Da Acentuação Grfica Das Palavras Proparoxítonas
	Base XII
		Do Emprego Do Acento Grave
	Base XIII
		Da Supressão Dos Acentos Em Palavras Derivadas
	Base XIV
		Do Trema
	Base XV
		Do Hífen Em Compostos, Locuções E Encadeamentos Vocabulares
	Base XVI
		Do Hífen Nas Formações Por Prefixação, Recomposição E Sufixação
	Base XVII
		Do Hífen Na Ênclise, Na Tmese E Com O Verbo Haver
	Base XVIII
		Do Apóstrofo
	Base XIX
		Das Minúsculas E Maiúsculas
		Da Divisão Silbica
	Base XXI
		Das Assinaturas E Firmas
		Protocolo Modificativo ao Acordo Ortogrfico da Língua Portuguesa
Appendix D: The Spanish Orthography Reform-1994
	Exclusión de ch y ll del abecedario
Glossary
Bibliography
Index