Spain.

The challenge ahead: a rapid ageing process......Page 9
Recent reforms in response to the demographic challenge......Page 10
Improving the incentives to continue working......Page 11
Enhancing the employability of older workers......Page 13
Le défi de l\'avenir : le vieillissement rapide d......Page 16
Les réformes récemment mises en place pour répo......Page 17
Améliorer les incitations à la poursuite de l’ac......Page 18
Accroître encore l’employabilité des travailleur......Page 21
1. The demographic realities......Page 25
2. Potential economic and social repercussions......Page 28
3. Key factor behind the projections: the labour market behaviour of older workers......Page 31
Key issue: addressing the trend towards early retirement......Page 33
1.The Spanish labour market – recent historical c......Page 35
A.Participation rates of older male workers have tended to fall, while those of women have increased......Page 36
B.Despite recent improvements, the employment rate of older workers remains low......Page 38
C. Better gender balance and higher educational attainment will improve employment of older workers, but this is not enough......Page 41
D.The incidence of temporary employment is high, while part-time is not common practice......Page 42
E.Older workers are over-represented in manual occupations and sectors exposed to health and safety hazards......Page 45
3.Non-employment among older workers: characteristics and trends......Page 46
A.Unemployment for older workers has declined, though it remains high for women......Page 47
B.Labour market inactivity rises rapidly with age, mainly because of early retirement and sickness......Page 48
C.Many non-employed individuals of age 50-64 can be mobilised and would like to work......Page 52
4.Gender dimensions......Page 53
A.Labour force participation of older women remains low......Page 54
B.The gender gap in employment rates is high by OECD standards......Page 55
C.High unemployment amongst older women persists......Page 56
1.Public old-age pensions......Page 57
A.The current pension system – overview......Page 58
B.Recent reforms to penalise early exits and encourage later retirement......Page 59
C.Remaining early retirement options......Page 60
D.Pension incentives and replacement rates: an international comparison......Page 62
2.The private pensions system is still underdeveloped......Page 66
A.Sickness and disability benefits – a relativel......Page 67
Older workers are over-represented among disability beneficiaries......Page 69
The number of older workers who are granted disability status may rise rapidly in coming years......Page 70
B.Unemployment benefit systems......Page 71
1.Addressing firms’ attitudes towards older worke......Page 75
Reforms were met with some success, at least init......Page 77
Nevertheless job tenure has remained high......Page 78
B.Recent reforms have reduced somewhat employment protection legislation for older workers......Page 79
3.Addressing the steep age-profile of earnings......Page 82
4.Incentives to recruit and retain older workers......Page 84
5. Widening the opportunities for part-time work......Page 86
6.Working environment must adapt to accommodate older workers......Page 87
1.The trend – improvements in educational attainm......Page 89
A.Incidence of training among older workers is particularly low......Page 92
Initial education and vocational training......Page 94
Continuing training......Page 95
Programme administration and monitoring......Page 96
C.Approaches to improve training outcomes for older workers......Page 98
A.Increased emphasis on active labour market programmes......Page 100
The role of the public employment service (PES)......Page 101
In-work benefits and make work pay – better targ......Page 102
2.Greater policy coherence......Page 105
A.Is immigration an alternative?......Page 107
B.Women, employment and raising fertility......Page 108
1.A multinomial logit model......Page 109
2. Estimation results......Page 111
To inactivity......Page 112
To inactivity......Page 114