Spacecraft Electromagnetic Compatibility Technologies

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Authors
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
	1.1 Particularities of Spacecraft EMC
	1.2 Main Methods of EMI Interface Control
	1.3 Prospects for EMC Technology Development
		1.3.1 Main Stages of EMC Technology Development
		1.3.2 Main Problems at the Current Stage
		1.3.3 Development Trends
	1.4 Summary
2 Basic Knowledge of EMC and Methods of EMI Control
	2.1 Basic Knowledge of EMC
		2.1.1 Common EMC Terms and Definitions
		2.1.2 Periodic Signal Spectrum Envelope of Digital Circuits
	2.2 Brief Introduction of Spacecraft EMC Engineering Manual and Standards
	2.3 Spacecraft Electrical Bonding
		2.3.1 Functions of Electrical Bonding
		2.3.2 Main Class of Electrical Bonding
		2.3.3 Main Methods of Electrical Bonding
		2.3.4 Cleaning and Protection of Bonding Surfaces
		2.3.5 Verification of Bonding
	2.4 Spacecraft Grounding
		2.4.1 Overview
		2.4.2 Types of Grounding System
		2.4.3 Grounding Test and Verification Methods
	2.5 Spacecraft Cable Layout and Shielding
		2.5.1 EMC Classification of Circuits
		2.5.2 Requirements for Cable Shielding and Grounding
		2.5.3 Cable Harness Layout
	2.6 Summary
3 Electromagnetic Compatibility Management
	3.1 Overview of EMC Management Standards
	3.2 The Spacecraft EMC Management
	3.3 EMC Working Group
		3.3.1 Responsibilities of the EMC Working Group
		3.3.2 Tasks of the EMC Working Group
		3.3.3 Responsibilities of EMC Working Group
	3.4 EMC Control Program and Technical Requirements EMC
		3.4.1 Purpose of the EMC Control Program
		3.4.2 Contents of the EMC Control Program and Technical Requirements
	3.5 EMC Test Program and Report
		3.5.1 EMC Test Program
		3.5.2 EMC Test Report
	3.6 EMC Management in the Main Stages of Spacecraft Development
		3.6.1 Feasibility Demonstration Stage
		3.6.2 Scheme Stage
		3.6.3 Proto Flight Model Development Stage
		3.6.4 Flight Model Development Stage
	3.7 Summary of Main EMC Work in Each Development Stage
	3.8 Summary
4 Introduction to Spacecraft EMC Prediction Analysis Methods
	4.1 EMC Electromagnetic Field Analysis Methods
		4.1.1 Tasks and Characteristics of EMC Analysis
		4.1.2 Electromagnetic Field Analysis Method for EMC
	4.2 EM Field Numerical Analysis Method
		4.2.1 Fundamentals of EM Field Analysis Method
		4.2.2 Weighted Residual Method and Numerical Solution Method
	4.3 Statistical Electromagnetics Analysis Method
		4.3.1 Fundamentals of Statistical Electromagnetics
		4.3.2 Analytical Methods of Statistical Electromagnetics
	4.4 Analysis of Mutual Coupling S-Parameters Between Elements
		4.4.1 Principle of Mutual Coupling Between Elements and Its Effect on EMC
		4.4.2 Mutual Coupling S-Parameter Analysis Method Between Elements
	4.5 Spectrum Compatibility Analysis
	4.6 Summary
5 Analysis of Spacecraft System-Level Electromagnetic Compatibility
	5.1 Overview of Standards for Spacecraft System-Level EMC
	5.2 Determination of EMI Margin
	5.3 Inter-system EMC Analysis
		5.3.1 EMC Analysis of the Spacecraft with Launch Vehicle
		5.3.2 RF EMC Analysis of One Vehicle with Multi-satellite
		5.3.3 Analysis of Electromagnetic Radiation Field Intensity During Spacecraft Rendezvous and Docking
		5.3.4 Analysis of Spacecraft Multipath Effect
		5.3.5 Polarization Isolation Analysis of GEO Spacecraft in Near Orbit
	5.4 EMC Limitation Analysis
	5.5 RF Compatibility Analysis for Spacecraft
		5.5.1 RF Compatibility Analysis Type for Spacecraft
		5.5.2 Analysis Method of Spacecraft RF Equipment Intercoupling
		5.5.3 Method of Coupling Analysis Between Spacecraft RF Equipment and Other Equipment
	5.6 Evaluation of Passive Intermodulation Using Full-Wave Frequency-Domain Method with Nonlinear Circuit Model
		5.6.1 The Principle of Passive Intermodulation and Its Effect on EMC
		5.6.2 Analysis Method of PIM
		5.6.3 Analysis of PIM Using Full-Wave Frequency-Domain Method with Nonlinear Circuit Model
	5.7 Cable Crosstalk Analysis
	5.8 Field-Cable Coupling Analysis
	5.9 The Hazards and Protection of Electromagnetic Radiation to Personnel and EED
		5.9.1 Quantification Requirements for Electromagnetic Radiation Hazards
		5.9.2 Electromagnetic Radiation Hazards Analysis and Verification
	5.10 Summary
6 EMC Design and Implementation of General Electronic Equipment
	6.1 Spacecraft Equipment-Level EMC Standards and Specifications
	6.2 General EMC Design Requirements for Equipment
		6.2.1 Spacecraft Equipment EMC Design Principles
		6.2.2 EMC Design Basis for Spacecraft Electronic Equipment
	6.3 General EMC Analysis, Design and Implementation
		6.3.1 Steady-State CE Design (CE101, CE102, CE106)
		6.3.2 Transient CE Design (CE107)
		6.3.3 Steady-State CS Design (CS101, CS102, CS103, CS104, CS105, CS114)
		6.3.4 Transient CS Design (CS106, CS115, CS116)
		6.3.5 Radiated Emission Design (RE101, RE102, RE103)
		6.3.6 Radiated Susceptibility (RS) Design (RS101, RS103)
		6.3.7 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Susceptibility Design
	6.4 Design Cases
		6.4.1 PCB Design
		6.4.2 Shielding Design
		6.4.3 Filter Design
		6.4.4 Implementation of Bonding and Grounding
		6.4.5 Cable Design
	6.5 Summary
7 Typical Spacecraft Electronic Component Selection and Module EMC Design
	7.1 Selection of Typical Electronic Components and Modules
		7.1.1 Resistor
		7.1.2 Capacitors
		7.1.3 Inductors
		7.1.4 Semiconductor Discrete Components
		7.1.5 Transformer
		7.1.6 Digital Circuit Devices
	7.2 Functions, Components, and Features of Power Supply and Distribution Electronics Equipment
	7.3 EMC Design for Power Distribution Unit
	7.4 EMC Design of the DC/DC Converter Module (EMI Interference Analysis, Absorption Circuit Filter Design)
		7.4.1 EMI Interference Analysis
		7.4.2 Absorption Circuit Design
		7.4.3 Power Filter Design
	7.5 EMC Design for the Data Acquisition Unit
		7.5.1 Selection of Appropriate Components
		7.5.2 PCB Design
	7.6 EMC Design for General-Purpose Processor Module
		7.6.1 Introduction to the Processor Modules
		7.6.2 EMI Characteristics of Processor Modules
		7.6.3 EMC Design for the Processor Module
	7.7 EMC Design for the Bus Management Module
		7.7.1 Brief Description of the Characteristics of the Bus Interface Module
		7.7.2 Features and Layout of the 1553B Interface Circuit (Isolated Bus)
		7.7.3 The Features and Layout of RS-422 Interface Circuit (Differential Bus)
		7.7.4 Features and Layout of CSB Circuit (Single-Ended Bus)
	7.8 EMC Design for RF Circuit
		7.8.1 Scheme and Layout
		7.8.2 Shielding Design
		7.8.3 Filter Grounding
		7.8.4 Wiring Rules
	7.9 EMC Design for RF Equipment Power Supply
		7.9.1 Effect of Power Supply Noise on RF Equipment
		7.9.2 Nonlinear Effects of Common Filter Component
	7.10 RF Equipment EMC Structural Design
		7.10.1 Shielding Design
		7.10.2 Cavity Resonance
		7.10.3 Shielding of Filler Material
	7.11 EMC Design for RF Equipment PCBs and High-Speed Digital Circuits
		7.11.1 EMC Design of Multilayer PCB
		7.11.2 Crosstalk and Reflection of High-Speed Digital Signals
		7.11.3 Power Integrity (PI)
	7.12 Summary
8 EMC Design and Rectification for Typical Equipment
	8.1 EMC Design of Power Supply and Distribution Equipment
		8.1.1 Equipment Layout
		8.1.2 Design of Power Supply Filtering of the Equipment
		8.1.3 Shielding Design
		8.1.4 Grounding Design
		8.1.5 Equipment-Level EMC Testing and Improvement
	8.2 EMC Design and Rectification for System Management Unit
		8.2.1 Components and Electromagnetic Characteristics of System Management Unit
		8.2.2 EMC Design of the SMU
		8.2.3 EMC Test and Rectification of SMU
		8.2.4 Design Improvement Suggestions
	8.3 EMC Design for Integrated Services Unit
		8.3.1 Composition and Electromagnetic Properties of Integrated Electronic Products
		8.3.2 EMC Testing and Rectification of Integrated Electronic Products
		8.3.3 Recommendations and Improvements for Design
	8.4 EMC Design of Solid State Power Amplifier
		8.4.1 Introduction to Solid State Power Amplifier
		8.4.2 SSPA Structure EMC Design
		8.4.3 EMC Design of SSPA Circuit
		8.4.4 Effect of Processing on EMC Performance of SSPA
		8.4.5 An Example of EMC Design of SSPA
	8.5 EMC Design of RF Receiver
		8.5.1 Overview of RF Receiver
		8.5.2 EMC Design of RF Receiver Circuit
		8.5.3 Example of EMC Design of RF Receiver
9 Spacecraft Magnetic Design and Test Technology
	9.1 Magnetic Properties of Spacecraft and Their Effects
		9.1.1 Affecting Spacecraft Attitude
		9.1.2 Affecting the Test Accuracy of Spacecraft Magnetic Sensitive Instruments
	9.2 Main Magnetic Sources of Spacecraft
		9.2.1 Magnetic Materials
		9.2.2 Working Current
	9.3 Determination and Allocation of Spacecraft Magnetic Specifications
		9.3.1 Determination of System Specifications
		9.3.2 Determination of Equipment Specifications
	9.4 Spacecraft Magnetic Moment Estimation and Magnetic Field Simulation Method
		9.4.1 Spacecraft Magnetic Moment Estimation Method
		9.4.2 Spacecraft Magnetic Field Simulation Method
		9.4.3 System-Level Magnetic Modeling and Simulation Methods
	9.5 Magnetic Design and Control Requirements for Equipment
		9.5.1 Equipment Magnetic Design Procedures
		9.5.2 Equipment Component Selection and Layout Design
		9.5.3 Material Selection for Spacecraft Equipment
		9.5.4 Magnetic Test Verification of Spacecraft Equipment
	9.6 Magnetic Design and Control Requirements for Subsystems and Whole Satellite
		9.6.1 Whole Satellite Equipment Layout Design
		9.6.2 Cable Layout Design
		9.6.3 Solar Array Magnetic Design
	9.7 Magnetic Testing Technology
		9.7.1 Magnetic Test Requirements
		9.7.2 Magnetic Test Process
	9.8 Summary
10 EMC Test Verification of Spacecraft Electronic Equipment
	10.1 Description of Interpolations and Factors in Computer-Based Test Software
	10.2 Description of Parameter Settings of Bandwidth and Step Size for Electronic Equipment EMC Testing
	10.3 Main Computer-Based EMC Test Methods
		10.3.1 CE101 Power Leads Conducted Emission Test
		10.3.2 CE102 Power Lead Conducted Emission Test
		10.3.3 CS101 Power Lead Conducted Susceptibility Test
		10.3.4 CS114 Bulk Cable Injection Conducted Susceptibility Test
		10.3.5 RE101 Magnetic Field Radiated Emission Test
		10.3.6 RE102 Electric Field Radiated Emission Test
		10.3.7 RS103 Electric Field Radiated Susceptibility Test
	10.4 Main Non-Programmed EMC Test Methods
		10.4.1 CE107 Power Lead Spike Signal (Time Domain) Conducted Emission
		10.4.2 CS103 Antenna Port Intermodulation Conducted Susceptibility
		10.4.3 CS104 Antenna Port Undesired Signal Rejection CS Test
		10.4.4 CS105 Antenna Port Cross Modulation CS Test
		10.4.5 CS106 Power Lead Spike Signal CS Test
		10.4.6 CS118 ESD Susceptibility Test
		10.4.7 CS115 and CS116 Bulk Cable Injection Transient CS Tests
	10.5 Measurement Uncertainty Analysis of Electronic Equipment EMC Test
		10.5.1 Uncertainty Analysis of Common Influence Components of EMC Items
		10.5.2 Evaluation and Analysis of Measurement Uncertainty of Each EMC Item
	10.6 EMC Tests for Special Equipment
		10.6.1 PCU EMC Test Methods
		10.6.2 Electric Propulsion EMC Test Method
		10.6.3 PIM Test Method
		10.6.4 Secondary Emission Multiplication Test Method
	10.7 Summary
11 Spacecraft System-Level EMC Test Verification
	11.1 Electromagnetic Environmental Effect (E3) Test
		11.1.1 Test Requirements
		11.1.2 Test Contents
		11.1.3 Evaluation of E3
	11.2 Spacecraft Intra-System Self-Compatibility Test
		11.2.1 Mutual Interference Test Matrix
		11.2.2 Selection of Mutual Interference Test Conditions
		11.2.3 Implementation of Mutual Interference Test
		11.2.4 Evaluation of Mutual Interference Test
	11.3 Spacecraft System EME Compatibility Test
		11.3.1 EMC Test of Spacecraft and Launch Vehicle/Launch Site
		11.3.2 Inter-spacecraft EMC Test Verification
		11.3.3 Compatibility Test Between Spacecraft and Ground EME
	11.4 EMC Margin Verification for Critical Electronic Equipment
		11.4.1 Definition of Critical Electronic Equipment and Margin Requirements
		11.4.2 Electronic Equipment EMC Test Acceptance
		11.4.3 Margin Verification for Critical Electronic Equipment
		11.4.4 Spacecraft System EMC Margin Verification
	11.5 Special System-Level EMC Test
		11.5.1 Spacecraft Compensated Compact Range Payload PIM Test
		11.5.2 Electric Propulsion Ignition State Entire Satellite EMC Test
		11.5.3 System-Level Verification of Large Spacecraft Such as Space Stations
	11.6 Summary
Bibliography