Space Plasmas: Coupling Between Small and Medium Scale Processes

Geophysical Monograph Series......Page 1
Space Plasmas: Coupling Between Small and Medium Scale Processes......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 10
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 11
2. NUMERICAL METHOD AND INITIAL CONDITIONS......Page 12
3. SIMULATION RESULTS......Page 13
4. DISCUSSION......Page 14
REFERENCES......Page 15
PHILOSOPHY OF MODELS......Page 16
BACKGROUND......Page 17
Evidence for Stream-Shear Instabilities......Page 18
Spectral Simulations-General Considerations......Page 21
Velocity-Shear in Two Dimensions with a Mean Magnetic Field......Page 22
Velocity Shear in the Presence of Alfvin Waves......Page 23
Behavior of Elsasser Variables......Page 24
Compressible Simulations......Page 25
REFERENCES......Page 27
2. MAGNETIC HELICllT......Page 30
3. OBSERVATIONS......Page 31
REFERENCES......Page 36
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 37
2. DESCRIPTION OF MODELLING......Page 38
3. FORMATION OF NORMAL POLARITY PROMINENCES BY FOOTPOINT SHEAR CASE 1......Page 40
4. FORMATION OF INVERSE POLARITY PROMINENCES BY SHEARING AND CONVERGING MOTIONS CASE2......Page 43
5. FORMATION OF PROMINENCES BETWEEN TWO BIPOLAR REGIONS CASE 3......Page 46
6. SUMMARY......Page 48
REFERENCES......Page 49
Introduction......Page 51
Plasma flow through a heavy ion cloud......Page 52
Laval nozzle flow and critical densities......Page 53
Planetopause at Mars - a new type of flow boundar......Page 54
References......Page 55
1. INTRODUCTION AND MODEL......Page 56
2 DYNAMICS OF VORTICITY AND MAGNETIC VARIABLES......Page 57
REFERENCES......Page 60
1. BACKGROUND......Page 61
2. NUMERICAL RESULTS......Page 63
REFERENCES......Page 65
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 67
3. SIMULATIONS......Page 68
4. COMPARISONS WITH OTHER MODELS......Page 73
5. LOW ALTITUDES......Page 74
6. TIME-VARYING ELECTRON FLUXES......Page 75
7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSSIONS......Page 76
REFERENCES......Page 77
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 79
3. PROPERTIES OF THE LINEAR UNSTABLE MODES......Page 80
4. QUASILINEAR TRANSPORT EFFECTS......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 82
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 83
3.2. Collisional Dielectric Function......Page 88
3.3. Solution for an Approxima Boltzmann Collision Operator......Page 89
3.4. Solution for the BGK Collision Operator......Page 90
4. LINEAR STABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE COLLISIONAL DISPERSION RELATION......Page 91
7. LIMITATIONS ON WAVE GROWTH......Page 93
8.2. Collisional Quasilinear Equations......Page 94
8.3. Approximate Collisional Quasilinear Equations......Page 95
8.4. H-Theorem Analysis of the Quasilinear Equation for fos......Page 96
9. PLASMA SIMULATIONS......Page 97
10. DISCUSSION......Page 98
REFERENCES......Page 99
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 101
3. STABILITY PROPERTIES OF ION-ION INTERACTIONS......Page 102
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 104
INTRODUCTION......Page 105
GOVERNING EQUATIONS......Page 106
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 107
REFERENCES......Page 110
INTRODUCTION......Page 111
THE ALGORITHMIC MODEL OF CONICS......Page 113
Image formation......Page 114
Conic path evaluation......Page 115
Identification of restricted and extended ion conic distributions......Page 116
TESTING THE ALGORITHM......Page 117
APPLICATION OF THE ALGORITHM TO THE DATA BASE......Page 119
DISCUSSION......Page 122
CONCLUSIONS......Page 123
REFERENCES......Page 124
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 125
2. HAMILTONIAN APPROACH......Page 126
5. CHAOS AND NONLINEAR DYNAMICS......Page 127
6. APPLICATION TO MAGNETOSPHERE......Page 129
REFERENCES......Page 131
INTRODUCTION......Page 132
TRANSVERSE ION HEATING BY LOWER HYBRID WAVES......Page 133
LOW ALTITUDE ION CONIC......Page 136
LOWER HYBRID SPIKELETS......Page 138
DISCUSSION......Page 140
REFERENCES......Page 141
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 143
2. BASIC EQUATIONS......Page 144
3. RESULTS......Page 145
REFERENCES......Page 146
INSTRUMENTATION......Page 147
OBSERVATIONS......Page 148
DISCUSSION......Page 150
CONCLUSIONS......Page 151
REFERENCES......Page 152
INTRODUCTION......Page 153
CASE STUDY......Page 154
STATISTICAL STUDY......Page 159
IMPLICATIONS......Page 160
COMPARISON WITH THEORIES......Page 162
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 164
REFERENCES......Page 165
INTRODUCTION......Page 167
VELOCITY SPACE DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 168
SPECTRA OF PARTICLES EJECTED FROM CURRENT SHEET......Page 171
COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS RESULTS......Page 172
CONCLUSIONS......Page 173
REFERENCES......Page 174
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 175
2. STRUCTURE OF THE COLD 1D CURRENT SHEET......Page 176
3. DISTRIBUTED-SOURCE MODEL......Page 177
4. STABILITY OF THE 1D CURRENT SHEET......Page 179
5. SUMMARY......Page 181
REFERENCES......Page 182
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 184
3. COMPARISON BETWEEN BSXR AND VIMR......Page 185
4. TURBULENT RECONNECTION AND MESO AND N'm SMALL-SCALE STRUCTURES......Page 186
5. DISCUSSION......Page 188
REFERENCES......Page 190
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 192
2. MHD EQUATIONS AND NUMERICAL SOLUTION......Page 193
3. DECAYING SOLUTIONS : RECONNECTION AT THE X-POINT......Page 194
4.0 GROWING SOLUTIONS: CURRENT SHEET FORMATION......Page 196
5.0 SUMMARY......Page 197
REFERENCES......Page 199
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 200
2. THE MICROSCOPIC MODEL......Page 201
3.1. INITIAL TAIL EQUILIBRIUM......Page 202
4.2. THE PRESTORM LOADED TAIL LATE GROWTH PHASE......Page 203
5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 206
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 208
2. THE DYNAMICAL SYSTEM......Page 209
3. NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF CHARGED PARTICLES......Page 211
4. PHASE SPACE RESONANCE......Page 217
5. PHYSICAL CONSEQUENCES IN THE MAGNETOTAIL......Page 219
6. DISCUSSIONS......Page 222
REFERENCES......Page 223
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 225
2. MAGNETIC FIELD MODELS......Page 226
3. COLLISIONLESS MOBILITY......Page 227
3.2 GREEN-KUBO FORMULAE......Page 229
4. EFFECTO F By ON THE COLLISIONLESS MOBILITY......Page 231
REFERENCES......Page 233
2. RECENT APPLICATIONS......Page 234
2.4. The Magnetotail Current Sheet......Page 235
2.4. Results: 0-line Drop-Off......Page 239
3. DISCUSSION......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 242
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 244
4. MODEL RESULTS IN THE CENTRAL CURRENT SHEET AND COMPARISONS TO OBSERVATIONS......Page 245
5. DISCUSSION......Page 251
REFERENCES......Page 254
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 255
2. OBSERVATIONS OF FINE-SCALE STRUCTURES......Page 256
A. Accelerator Mechanisms......Page 257
B. Generator Mechanisms......Page 259
4. COMPARISON BE TWEEN OBSERVATION AND THEORIES......Page 260
5. POSSIBLE ORIGINS OF FINE-SCALE STRUCTURE......Page 261
B. The Origin Is between ihe Acceleration Region and the Upper iltmosphere......Page 262
C. The Origin Is in the Upper Atmosphere......Page 263
7. SUMMARY......Page 264
REFERENCES......Page 265
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 268
2. CONICAL ELECTRON DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 271
3. AURORAL KILOMETRIC RADIATION......Page 273
4. CUSP ION FLOWS AND ION CONICS......Page 276
5. SUPRATHERMAL ELECTRON BURSTS......Page 277
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 280
REFERENCES......Page 281
INTRODUCTION......Page 283
THE MODEL......Page 284
SIMULATION RESULTS......Page 286
DISCUSSIONS......Page 287
REFERENCES......Page 291
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 292
Auroral energization processes......Page 294
Field aligned electron and ion acceleration.......Page 295
Transverse ion acceleration......Page 297
3. SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS FROM FREJA......Page 300
4. FREJA DATA TAKING STRATEGY......Page 302
REFERENCES......Page 304
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 307
2. FIELD MODEL......Page 308
4. SIMULATED GUIDING-CENTER TRAJECTORIES......Page 309
5. PHASE-SPACE DENSITY MAPPING......Page 312
6. DIFFUSIONA ND QUASI-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS......Page 314
7. DIFFUSION AVERAGED OVER STORM ENSEMBLE......Page 317
8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 318
REFERENCES......Page 319
2. THE MEANMAGNETIC FIELD MODEL ON ANISOTROPIC FLUID......Page 320
3. SIMULATION......Page 322
4. DISCUSSION......Page 324
REFERENCES......Page 325
BASICS......Page 326
INTERPOLATION OF DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION FROM PARTICLES TO THE PHASE SPACE GRID......Page 327
THE REQUIRED DENSITY OF SP'S IN PHASE SPACE......Page 328
VALUES OF DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION FOR SIMULATION PARTICLES......Page 329
SIMULATION OF TRIGGERED VLF EMISSIONS......Page 330
REFERENCES......Page 332
INTRODUCTION......Page 333
OBSERVATIONS......Page 334
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY......Page 336
REFERENCES......Page 339
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 340
2. A NEW 3D EM PARTICLE SIMULATION MODEL......Page 341
3. SIMULATION RESULTS......Page 342
4. DISCUSSION......Page 345
REFERENCES......Page 347
1. INTRODUCI'ION......Page 350
2. DATA AND METHODOLOGY......Page 351
3. EXAMPLES OF PLASMASHEET BOUNDARY CROSSINGS......Page 353
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 354
REFERENCES......Page 355
INTRODUCTION......Page 357
OBSERVATIONS......Page 358
EXPLANATIONS......Page 359
REFERENCES......Page 360
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 362
3.1 Evidence of Strong Inhomogeneities......Page 364
3.2 Vlasov Equilibrium Model......Page 365
3.3 Linear Stability......Page 367
3.4 Nonlinear Evolution......Page 370
4. A POSSIBLE SCENARIO OF PSBL DYNAMICS......Page 372
REFERENCES......Page 373
INTRODUCTION......Page 376
PLASMA SHEET BOUNDARY AND BOUNDARY LAYER......Page 377
DISCUSSION......Page 378
REFERENCES......Page 380