Space Fostering Latin American Societies: Developing the Latin American Continent Through Space, Part 3 (Southern Space Studies)

Contents
What is Brazil Doing to Develop Its Commercial Space Program?
	1 Introduction
	2 History of the Alcântara Launch Center (CLA)
	3 General Space Legislation in Brazil
	4 The Brazilian Space Program Development Committee (CDPEB)
	5 Cooperation Agreement No. 01/2020
	6 Public Call I and II
		6.1 The I Public Call (2020)
		6.2 The II Public Call (2021)
	7 AEB Ordinance No. 698/2021
		7.1 Operator’s License
		7.2 Launch Authorization
	8 U.S.-Brazil Technology Safeguards Agreement
	9 Artemis Accords—Space Resources—The Hague International Space Resources Governance Working Group
	10 Concluding Remarks
Communication Satellites in South America: A Perspective from Peru
	1 Introduction
	2 Argentina and the Program ARSAT
		2.1 Space Business
		2.2 Synergy Between Manufacturer and Satellite Operator
		2.3 Second Generation Satellite Plan
		2.4 Satellite Communications: A Millionaire Industry
	3 Bolivia and the Tupac Katari-1
		3.1 The TKSAT-1
		3.2 The Bolivian Space Agency and Its Achievements
		3.3 Lessons Learned
	4 Brazil and the SGDC-1
		4.1 The SGDC Program
		4.2 Technology Absorption Program
	5 Peru and the Lack of an Own Satellite
	6 Comparison of Different Communication Policies
	7 Conclusions
The Development of CubeSats in Latin America and Their Challenges on the Design of Thermal Control Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Satellites
		2.1 What is a CubeSat?
		2.2 Advantages of CubeSats
	3 CubeSats in the World, Latin America, and Mexico
	4 Challenges to Develop Satellite Technologies in Latin America
	5 Satellite Subsystems
	6 Thermal Control System and Design Considerations
		6.1 Space Project Phase A
		6.2 Space Project Phase B
		6.3 Space Project Phase C
		6.4 Space Project Phase D
		6.5 Space Project Phase E
	7 Conclusions
Design of Hybrid Coatings by Sol–Gel Process: An Alternative for Aerospace Use in Mexico
	1 Introduction
	2 Sol–Gel, One Technology by Design of Hybrid Coatings
	3 Development of Hybrid Coatings, an Alternative for Potential Space Applications
	4 Research Centers in Mexico Developing Hybrid Materials for the Aerospace Sector
	5 Conclusions
Launch Opportunities for Pico Satellites from Developing Countries
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Satellite Classification
		1.2 Picosatellite
		1.3 Launches
		1.4 Organizations
	2 Research Applications
		2.1 Emerging Space Nations
		2.2 Current Launch Opportunities
		2.3 Launch Opportunity
		2.4 Mission Phases and Reviews
	3 Conclusions
Glass–Ceramic Protective Coating for Satellite System as a Thermal Insulator
	1 Introduction
	2 Space Weather
	3 Meta-Materials
	4 Materials and Procedures
		4.1 First Stage: Conditioning of the CubeSat
		4.2 Second Stage: Installation of the CubeSat Sensors
		4.3 Third Stage: The Flight of the CubeSat
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	7 Future Work