South Africa’s Water Predicament: Freshwater’s Unceasing Decline (Water Science and Technology Library, 101)

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
1 Water Resources from a Global Perspective
	1.1 Water Availability, Use and Quality
		1.1.1 Water Use and Withdrawals
		1.1.2 Continued Water Degradation
	1.2 Climate Change and Increased Extreme Weather Events
		1.2.1 Climate Change and Water Quality
		1.2.2 Climate Change and Water Demand
		1.2.3 Extreme Weather Events and Water-Related Disasters
	1.3 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
	1.4 Water Scarcity and the Future of Water
		1.4.1 Regional Trends
		1.4.2 Primary Stressors and Implications of Water Scarcity
		1.4.3 Current Trajectory to 2050
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
2 Integrated Water Resource Management, Water Service Provision and Delivery
	2.1 Implementation, Challenges and Successes of Integrated Water Resource Management
		2.1.1 Challenges
		2.1.2 Successes
	2.2 IWRM Within a South African Context
	2.3 Water Service Provision and Delivery from a Global Perspective
	2.4 The Global South: Water Service Provision and Delivery
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3 South Africa’s Impending Freshwater Crises
	3.1 Current Freshwater Resources
	3.2 Water Withdrawals and Supply
	3.3 Current Drivers and Predicted Water Demand
	3.4 Water Quality Degradation
	3.5 Inadequate Water Service Provision and Delivery
		3.5.1 Legal Framework of Water Service Provision and Delivery
		3.5.2 Overall Progress Made in Clean Drinking Water and Improved Sanitation
	3.6 South Africa’s Impending Water Crises
		3.6.1 Increased Water Scarcity and Stress
		3.6.2 Failing Infrastructure and Basic Water Service Delivery
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
4 Fragmented Water Governance, Institutional Problems and Questionable Decisions
	4.1 Effective and Efficient Water Governance from a Global Perspective
	4.2 Decentralised Water Governance in South Africa
	4.3 South Africa’s Fragmented and Inefficient Water Governance
	4.4 Narrowly Avoiding “Day Zero”
		4.4.1 The City of Cape Town: Narrowly Escaping “Day Zero”
		4.4.2 Achieving “Day” Zero in the Eastern Cape Province
	4.5 Creation of an Environmental Disaster: The Emfuleni Local Municipality and the Vaal River
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
5 Continued Decay of South Africa’s Basic Water and Sanitation Infrastructure and Service Delivery
	5.1 The Right to Water and Reaching Sustainable Development Goal 6 on a Global Scale
	5.2 Progress Made on a Global Scale Since 2015
	5.3 South Africa’s Progress Since 1996
	5.4 South Africa’s Basic Water and Sanitation Reality and Overcoming Decay
		5.4.1 Access to Safe and Affordable Drinking Water
		5.4.2 Adequate and Equitable Sanitation and Hygiene
	5.5 Key Issues and Overcoming Decay
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
6 Progressive Deterioration of Water Quality Within South Africa
	6.1 South Africa’s Escalating Water Quality Challenges and Crises
	6.2 Living and Drowning in Sewage
		6.2.1 Current State of the Vaal River Barrage Catchment and Its Sub-catchments’ Water Quality
		6.2.2 Temporal Water Quality Trends of the Vaal River Barrage Catchment and Its Sub-catchments Since 2017
		6.2.3 Compliance Percentage of the Vaal River Barrage Catchment and Its Sub-catchments According to In-stream Water Quality Guidelines
	6.3 The Continued Water “Scars” of Mining
	6.4 eThekwini Municipality’s Developing Water and Human Rights Crises: The Rivers and Ocean Used as a Dumping Ground
		6.4.1 Chemical Spills by United Phosphorus Limited
		6.4.2 Collapsing Infrastructure and Declining Water Service Delivery
		6.4.3 The Sewage Crisis Post April 2022 Floods
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
7 South Africa’s Impending Water Crises: Transforming Water Crises into Opportunities and the Way Forward
	7.1 Water Security from a Global Perspective
	7.2 South Africa’s Troubling Freshwater Reality
		7.2.1 Naturally Limited Water Resources and Physical Water Scarcity
		7.2.2 Unsustainable Growing Water Requirements and/or Demands
		7.2.3 Poor and Fragmented Water Governance and Management
		7.2.4 Collapse of Aging, Non-maintained Infrastructure and Poor Service Delivery
		7.2.5 Continued and Widespread Water Quality Degradation
	7.3 All Talk and No Action
	7.4 Possible Solutions and Recommendations
	7.5 Conclusions and the Way Forward
	References
Appendix A Rand Water Quality Sampling Stations
Appendix B In-Stream Water Quality Guidelines (Effective June 2003)