Sound and Recording

SOUND AND RECORDING......Page 4
COPYRIGHT PAGE......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
FACT FILE DIRECTORY......Page 12
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION......Page 16
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION......Page 18
PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION......Page 20
PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION......Page 22
PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION......Page 24
A Vibrating Source......Page 26
Characteristics of a Sound Wave......Page 27
How Sound Travels in Air......Page 29
Simple and Complex Sounds......Page 30
Frequency Spectra of Repetitive Sounds......Page 31
Phase......Page 33
Sound in Electrical Form......Page 37
Displaying the Characteristics of a Sound Wave......Page 40
Sound Power and Sound Pressure......Page 41
Free and Reverberant Fields......Page 44
Standing Waves......Page 48
Recommended Further Reading......Page 51
CHAPTER 2 Auditory Perception......Page 54
The Hearing Mechanism......Page 55
Frequency Perception......Page 56
Loudness Perception......Page 58
Practical Implications of Equal-loudness Contours......Page 61
Spatial Perception......Page 62
Recommended Listening......Page 71
CHAPTER 3 Microphones......Page 72
The Moving-coil or Dynamic Microphone......Page 73
The Ribbon Microphone......Page 76
The Capacitor or Condenser Microphone......Page 77
Directional Responses and Polar Diagrams......Page 78
Specialized Microphone Types......Page 84
Stereo Microphones......Page 86
Microphone Performance......Page 87
Microphone Powering Options......Page 91
Radio Microphones......Page 94
Recommended Further Reading......Page 103
CHAPTER 4 Loudspeakers......Page 104
The Moving-coil Loudspeaker......Page 105
Other Loudspeaker Types......Page 106
Mounting and Loading Drive Units......Page 109
Complete Loudspeaker Systems......Page 113
Active Loudspeakers......Page 115
Subwoofers......Page 116
Loudspeaker Performance......Page 117
Setting up Loudspeakers......Page 124
Thiele–Small Parameters and Enclosure Volume Calculations......Page 126
Recommended Further Reading......Page 131
CHAPTER 5 Mixers......Page 132
A Simple Six-channel Analog Mixer......Page 134
A Multitrack Mixer......Page 140
An Overview of Typical Mixer Facilities......Page 145
EQ Explained......Page 159
Stereo Line Input Modules......Page 162
Technical Specifications......Page 163
Metering Systems......Page 167
Automation......Page 171
Digital Mixers......Page 180
Mixers with Integrated Control of Digital Workstations......Page 184
Introduction to Mixing Approaches......Page 186
Basic Operational Techniques......Page 188
Recommended Further Reading......Page 190
CHAPTER 6 Analog Recording......Page 192
A Short History of Analog Recording......Page 193
Magnetic Tape......Page 195
The Magnetic Recording Process......Page 196
The Tape Recorder......Page 201
What are Test Tapes For?......Page 203
Tape Machine Alignment......Page 205
Mechanical Transport Functions......Page 209
The Compact Cassette......Page 210
Recommended Further Reading......Page 212
CHAPTER 7 Noise Reduction......Page 214
Methods of Reducing Noise......Page 215
Line-up of Noise Reduction Systems......Page 221
Single-ended Noise Reduction......Page 222
Recommended Further Reading......Page 224
CHAPTER 8 Digital Audio Principles......Page 226
Digital and Analog Recording Contrasted......Page 227
Binary for Beginners......Page 228
The Digital Audio Signal Chain......Page 232
Analog-to-Digital Conversion......Page 234
D/A Conversion......Page 257
Direct Stream Digital (DSD)......Page 259
Changing the Resolution of an Audio Signal (Requantization)......Page 260
Introduction to Digital Signal Processing......Page 263
Pitch Shifting and Time Stretching......Page 272
Audio Data Reduction......Page 273
Recommended Further Reading......Page 281
CHAPTER 9 Digital Recording, Editing and Mastering Systems......Page 282
Digital Tape Recording......Page 283
Mass Storage-based Systems......Page 292
Audio Processing for Computer Workstations......Page 301
Mass Storage-based Editing System Principles......Page 305
Editing Software......Page 312
Mastering and Restoration......Page 315
Preparing for and Understanding Release Media......Page 319
Recommended Further Reading......Page 322
CHAPTER 10 Digital Audio Formats and Interchange......Page 324
Audio File Formats for Digital Workstations......Page 325
Consumer Optical Disk Formats......Page 340
Interconnecting Digital Audio Devices......Page 344
Websites......Page 365
CHAPTER 11 Power Amplifiers......Page 366
Domestic Power Amplifiers......Page 367
Professional Amplifier Facilities......Page 369
Specifications......Page 370
Coupling......Page 376
CHAPTER 12 Lines and Interconnection......Page 378
Transformers......Page 379
Unbalanced Lines......Page 381
Cable Effects with Unbalanced Lines......Page 383
Balanced Lines......Page 386
Working with Balanced Lines......Page 387
Star-quad Cable......Page 388
Electronic Balancing......Page 389
100 Volt Lines......Page 390
600 Ohms......Page 393
DI Boxes......Page 395
Splitter Boxes......Page 398
Jackfields (Patchbays)......Page 400
Distribution Amplifiers......Page 404
Plug-ins......Page 406
Outboard Equipment......Page 408
Connection of Outboard Devices......Page 419
Recommended Further Reading......Page 420
CHAPTER 14 MIDI and Synthetic Audio Control......Page 422
Background......Page 424
What is MIDI?......Page 425
MIDI and Digital Audio Contrasted......Page 426
Basic Principles......Page 427
Interfacing a Computer to a MIDI System......Page 431
How MIDI Control Works......Page 435
MIDI Control of Sound Generators......Page 449
General MIDI......Page 459
RMID and XMF Files......Page 462
MIDI over USB......Page 464
After MIDI?......Page 466
Sequencing Software......Page 468
Websites......Page 477
CHAPTER 15 Synchronization......Page 478
SMPTE/EBU Timecode......Page 479
Recording Timecode......Page 481
Machine Synchronizers......Page 483
Digital Audio Synchronization......Page 486
MIDI and Synchronization......Page 490
Synchronizing Audio/MIDI Computer Applications......Page 494
Recommended Further Reading......Page 495
CHAPTER 16 Two-Channel Stereo......Page 496
Principles of Loudspeaker Stereo......Page 498
Principles of Binaural or Headphone Stereo......Page 507
Loudspeaker Stereo Over Headphones and Vice Versa......Page 509
Two-Channel Signal Formats......Page 512
Two-Channel Microphone Techniques......Page 514
Binaural Recording and 'Dummy Head' Techniques......Page 528
Spot microphones and Two-Channel Panning Laws......Page 530
Recommended Further Reading......Page 532
CHAPTER 17 Surround Sound......Page 534
Three-Channel (3-0) Stereo......Page 536
Four-Channel Surround (3-1 Stereo)......Page 537
5.1-Channel Surround (3-2 Stereo)......Page 539
Other Multichannel Configurations......Page 545
Matrixed Surround Sound Systems......Page 547
Digital Surround Sound Formats......Page 553
Ambisonics......Page 559
Surround Sound Monitoring......Page 565
Surround Sound Recording Techniques......Page 570
Multichannel Panning Techniques......Page 582
Recommended Further Reading......Page 586
CHAPTER 18 Sound Quality......Page 588
What is Sound Quality?......Page 589
Methods of Sound Quality Evaluation......Page 594
Aspects of Audio System Performance Affecting Sound Quality......Page 600
Recommended Further Reading......Page 615
Pickup Mechanics......Page 616
RIAA Equalization......Page 620
Cartridge Types......Page 621
Connecting Leads......Page 622
Arm Considerations......Page 623
Recommended Further Reading......Page 624
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D......Page 627
L......Page 628
P......Page 629
Q......Page 630
S......Page 631
X......Page 632
GENERAL FURTHER READING......Page 634
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B......Page 637
C......Page 638
D......Page 639
F......Page 641
H......Page 642
L......Page 643
M......Page 644
N......Page 646
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R......Page 648
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