Sonochemical Water and Wastewater Decontamination

Cover
Half Title
Also of Interest
Sustainable Water and Wastewater Treatment Series. Volume 4
About the series
Sonochemical Water and Wastewater Decontamination
Copyright
Preface
Contents
List of contributing authors
1. Bubble dynamics: thermodynamic and energetic viewpoint
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Ultrasound, acoustic cavitation, and sonochemistry
	1.3 Theoretical background
	1.4 Radius, wall velocity, pressure, and temperature variations
		1.4.1 Radius and wall velocity
		1.4.2 Pressure
		1.4.3 Temperature
	1.5 Acoustical parameters’ effect on the bubble’s temperature and pressure
	1.6 Bubble energy analysis
	1.7 Bubble power analysis
	1.8 Conclusion
	References
2. Bubble sonochemistry: pyrolysis and radicals’ generation
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Model overview
	2.3 Bubble implosion and reactions’ evolutions
	2.4 Bubble reactivity and operating conditions
		2.4.1 Acoustic intensity
		2.4.2 Liquid temperature
		2.4.3 Ambient static pressure
		2.4.4 Frequency of ultrasound
		2.4.5 Results interpretation
	2.5 Optimum bubble temperature for sonochemistry
	2.6 Single-bubble and multibubble sonochemistry: the link
	2.7 Single-bubble sonochemistry: insights into multibubble findings
		2.7.1 Acoustic intensity effect
		2.7.2 Liquid temperature effect
		2.7.3 Static pressure effect
		2.7.4 Frequency effect
	2.8 Conclusion
	References
3. Sonochemistry and saturation gases
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Background on sonochemistry
	3.3 Importance of dissolved gases in sonochemistry
	3.4 Impact of gas atmosphere on SC process
	3.5 Analysis of gas atmosphere effect on single bubble sonochemistry
		3.5.1 Impact of trapped gases on bubble reactions
		3.5.2 Dissolved gases and frequency impact on the single-bubble reactivity
		3.5.3 Mechanism of argon-induced lower performance at low frequencies
		3.5.4 Dissolved gases effects based on single-bubble reactivity
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
4. Distinguished effect of CO2 and N2O gases on sonochemistry
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Principles and procedures
	4.3 Processes
		4.3.1 Effect of CO2
		4.3.2 Effect of N2O
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
5. Bubble sonochemistry in the presence of volatile solutes
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Why carbon tetrachloride and methanol?
	5.3 Model overview
	5.4 Bubble sonochemistry in the presence of CCl4
		5.4.1 Liquid temperature dependence
		5.4.2 Frequency dependence
		5.4.3 Acoustic intensity dependence
	5.5 Bubble sonochemistry in the presence of methanol
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
6. Bubble population in sonochemical process
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Ultrasonic cavitation field: generation and influencing factors
	6.3 Empirical determination of the bubble population size
	6.4 Theoretical calculation of the bubble population size
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
7. Sonochemical reactor characterization: dosimetries and sonochemiluminescence insights
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Chemistry and characteristics of the sonochemical process
	7.3 Sonochemical reactors: configurations
	7.4 Wave generation, amplitude dynamics, and bubbles behavior
	7.5 Acoustic power measurement
	7.6 Chemical dosimetries
	7.7 Sonochemiluminescence
	7.8 Conclusion
	References
8. Sonochemical degradation of surfactants
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Surfactants: chemistry and types
		8.2.1 Anionic surfactants
		8.2.2 Cationic surfactants
		8.2.3 Amphoteric surfactants
		8.2.4 Nonionic surfactants
	8.3 Surfactants’ ecotoxicity and environmental impacts
	8.4 Sonochemical insights in the presence of surfactants
	8.5 Surfactants’ removal by ultrasound
	8.6 Surfactants’ degradation mechanism
	8.7 Factors influencing the sonolytic removal of surfactants
		8.7.1 Frequency/applied power
		8.7.2 Saturation gases
		8.7.3 Initial surfactant concentration
		8.7.4 Temperature
		8.7.5 Water matrix components
	8.8 Treatments comparison and synergistic hybridization
	8.9 Current environmental applications and prospective avenues
	8.10 Conclusion
	References
9. Sonolytic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Fundamentals of the sonochemical process
	9.3 Sonochemical degradation of PAHs
	9.4 Sonohybridized processes for removal of PAHs
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
10. Sonochemical degradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs): types and sources
		10.2.1 EDC definition
		10.2.2 EDC classification and common sources
		10.2.3 Potential environmental and health impacts
	10.3 Sonochemistry: fundamentals and mechanisms
	10.4 EDC removal by ultrasound
	10.5 EDCs’ oxidation mechanism
	10.6 Factors influencing the sonolytic removal of EDCs
		10.6.1 Sonication frequency
		10.6.2 Applied power/intensity
		10.6.3 Saturation gases
		10.6.4 Solution pH
		10.6.5 Initial EDCs concentration
		10.6.6 Temperature
		10.6.7 Water matrix components/water quality
	10.7 Comparative treatments and synergies in EDCs removal
	10.8 Challenges and future perspectives
	10.9 Conclusion
	References
11. Sonochemical degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Classification, sources, and emission of PPCPs
	11.3 Environmental and health impacts of PPCPs
	11.4 Treatment processes for the removal of PPCPs
	11.5 Sonodegradation of PPCPs: literature findings
		11.5.1 Effect of solution pH
		11.5.2 Effect of acoustic power
		11.5.3 Effect of ultrasound frequency
		11.5.4 Effect of initial concentration of PPCPs
		11.5.5 Effect of liquid temperature
		11.5.6 Effect of water matrix and additives
		11.5.7 Mineralization findings
	11.6 Hybridization of the sonochemical process
	11.7 Conclusion
	References
12. Sonochemical treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Basics of the sonochemical process
	12.3 Sonochemical degradation of textile dyes: a review of results
	12.4 Dyes, reaction zone, and degradation mechanism
	12.5 Dyes’ degradation and influencing factors
		12.5.1 Dye concentration
		12.5.2 pH
		12.5.3 Power
		12.5.4 Frequency
		12.5.5 Saturation gas type
		12.5.6 Temperature
	12.6 Dyes’ degradation and water quality
	12.7 Conclusion
	References
13. Sonochemical and sono-assisted treatment of water contaminated with heavy metals
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Conventional methods for heavy metal removal
		13.2.1 Adsorption
		13.2.2 Membrane filtration processes
		13.2.3 Chemical-based processes
		13.2.4 Ion exchange
		13.2.5 Electrochemical treatment
		13.2.6 Photocatalytic-based separation
	13.3 Ultrasonic treatment of wastewaters contaminated with heavy metals
	13.4 Conclusion
	References
14. The sonochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Principles and procedures
	14.3 Processes of the sonochemical conversion of CO2
		14.3.1 Experimental approach
		14.3.2 Modeling approach
	14.4 Conclusion
	References
15. Scaling up of the sonochemical process
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Toward upscaling sonochemical reactors
		15.2.1 Acoustic wave attenuation
		15.2.2 Bubble dynamics and oxidants production
		15.2.3 Interplay between bubble depth effect and sonicated conditions
		15.2.4 Cavitational activity distribution
	15.3 Upscaling strategy
	15.4 Developments in reactor design
	15.5 Design parameters of sonoreactors
	15.6 Conclusion
	References
16. The sono-activated persulfate oxidation for process intensification
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Persulfate activation by ultrasound
	16.3 Sono-hybrid binary activation techniques
		16.3.1 US/heat/PS system
		16.3.2 US/transition metal/PS system
		16.3.3 US/nZVI/PS system
		16.3.4 US/bimetallic Fe–Co/PMS system
	16.4 Sono-hybrid ternary activation techniques
		16.4.1 US/Fe2+/UVC/PS system
	16.5 Conclusion
	References
17. CCl4 sono-activation for process intensification
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 US/CCl4 process: experimental findings
	17.3 Influencing factors
		17.3.1 Frequency
		17.3.2 Power
		17.3.3 pH
		17.3.4 Pollutant concentration
		17.3.5 Temperature
	17.4 CCl4 sono-activation mechanism
		17.4.1 Experimental viewpoint
		17.4.2 Theoretical viewpoint
	17.5 Conceptual diagram for US/CCl4 process
	17.6 Conclusion
	References
18. The sono-chlorination process
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Overview of sonochemical process
	18.3 Chlorine-based AOPs
	18.4 Sono-chlorination process
	18.5 Conclusion
	References
19. Ultrasound-coupled advanced oxidation for synergetic textile wastewater treatment
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Theoretical aspects of sonochemistry
		19.2.1 Fundamentals of sonochemistry
		19.2.2 Sonochemical reaction schemes
		19.2.3 Ultrasound power
		19.2.4 Ultrasound frequency
	19.3 Synergetic effect of ultrasound in hybrid AOPs
		19.3.1 Ultrasound coupled with Fenton process
		19.3.2 Ultrasound coupled with photocatalysts and/or photo-Fenton proces
		19.3.3 Ultrasound coupled with O3 process
		19.3.4 Ultrasound coupled with electrochemical process
	19.4 Conclusions
	References
20. Challenges and prospects of the sonochemical process
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Interactions among operating parameters in pollutant sonodegradation
	20.3 Sonochemical degradation of pollutants: challenges and prospects
	20.4 Upscaling the sonochemical process: challenges and prospects
	20.5 Conclusion
	References
Index